Food Quality Essay

* Relates to excellent increase or services that fulfills or exceeds our expectations fodder whole tone * Includes every(prenominal) attributes that influence productions value to the consumers. This includes, veto attributes (e. g. despoilment, contamination with filth, discoloration, off odors & flavors Positive attributes (e. g. origin, color, flavor, texture and processing method utilise.-Food Quality is a term which may refer to several things the extent to which nutrition contains the nutrients that gybe the kind and quantity of the nutritional needs of the person consuming the nourishment the extent to which the feed is attractive in appearance & taste the extent to which food is let off from pathogenic bacteria & undesirable materials such as insecticides & antibiotic resi receivables, etc FOOD QUALITY 1. Composite of characteristics/ attributes which differs from one unit to another 2. Totality of features/ characteristics of a product that bear on its abili ty to satisfy a given need Needs Safety Usability Availability Economics.Maintainability Environment Reliability 3. Uniformity, consistency and uniformity to a given standard or specifications 4. A statement of what the user wants & what the even outr can provide 5. Fitness for use, satisfaction level of costumers different Ways of Describing Quality 1. Fast selling brand of a food product might be labeled as Extra Special Quality 2. Products that are sold abroad may be termed as Export Quality 3. Some consumers may gauge quality in terms of brand popularity 4. From the large producers point of view, quality may mean product reliability.Sm on the whole manufacturers reliability may not be a guardianship, their concern is more on sell of the products. 5. In a sellers marketplace situation, product availability means quality Quality of Food is establish on the following 1. Raw material the quality of unblemished product is dependent on the quality of raw material 2. Sensory q uality food quality detectable by our senses can be categorized into 3 appearance texture flavor 3. Microbiological quality raw material and products should be free from toxin-producing microorganism QUALITY CONTROL Is Doing Things Right.THE FIRST TIME AND EVERYTIME Quality verify can also be defined as a. maintenance of specified finished product characteristics every time it is manufactured b. efficient control of raw material and of production process c. object of quality control is to produce a quality which satisfies the consumers as cheap as possible can be delivered in time to meet delivery requirement d. is the function or appealingness of duties which must be exerciseed throughout an organization in order to achieve its quality objectives Stages of Quality Control 1. Set the specifications.a. Exactly what the customer or market expects b. Price at which product can be sold c. Delivery date d. Capability of equipment/ machines e. Capability of available inspection a nd test equipment 2. Prepare to manufacture a. Decide how to process the product b. Decide what equipment to use c. Specify the quality of raw materials and possible suppliers d. The in-line personnel e. Plan inspection and in-process quality control 3. existing Processing/ Manufacture 4. Correction of quality defects 5. Provide long-term quality control planning Defects in Foods Defect. perceptible deviation from product specs that makes product less fit, or unfit for consumption the lack of just aboutthing essential or required or an imperfection can occur singly or as a composite of several deviations Sources 1. Raw material biological clay that deteriorates over time. 2. Personnel staffs commitment to their work and their ability to perform their task well. 3. In-process problems quality loss due to poor understanding of processing methods and use of inadequate machines due to lack of staff training Evidences of Defects Prevention design 1.Quality raw materials 2. Reduc tion of processing losses 3. Drop in the volume of rejects What is HACCP? * Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * Prevention-based food safety system * A systematic approach to the identification, assessment of fortune, and severity and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice (US FDA CFSAN, 2000) Two Important Terms * HAZARDS * CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HAZARDS * Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may pose an un pleasing consumer health risk. * 3 study hazards.* Biological * Chemical * Physical -Biological Hazards * These organisms are commonly associated with humans and with raw products entering the food manufacturing facility. * Bacteria, foodborne viruses, parasites * Examples * Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus * Hepatitis A and Norwalk Viruses * Trichinella -Chemical Hazards * Chemical contaminants may be naturally occurring or may be added during the processing of the food. * Naturally Occurring Chemicals * Toxins from molds (aflatoxin) * Allergenic P decomposition reactioneins * Added Chemicals * Agricultural chemicals * industrial chemicals.* Ingredients Flavors enhancers, colors, preservatives -Physical Hazards * Foreign and extraneous materials * Foreign Materials * Anything that does not naturally occur in the food material * Hair, fingers (fingernails), plastic, metal filings, jewelry, gum etc. * Extraneous Materials * Anything that naturally occurs in the food but should not be there * Pits, seeds, peel, stems Critical Control Points * CCPs * Process steps in specific food systems in which loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk 7 Principles of HACCP 1. Identify hazards in the system 2.Determine critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish check procedure 7. Establish record keeping and documentation procedures Good Manufacturing Prac tices (GMP) set of sanitary guidelines and control for compliance to assure safety and wholesomeness of foods. Concerns 1. Personnel 2. Plant and suit 3. Sanitary operation 4. Sanitary facilities and control 5. Equipment and utensils 6. Process and control Cleaning and Sanitization Cleaning an operation that will remove at least 90% of the soil or dirt.Sanitization application of sanitizers Sanitation over-all cleanliness of the surroundings or anything that surrounds the food Steps a. remove the debris b. pre-rinse c. application of cleaning aids d. send off rinse e. sanitizing rinse FOOD SPOILAGE / DETERIORATION Food Spoilage/Deterioration -Includes losses in organoleptic desirability, nutritional value, safety and aesthetic appeal of the food -Food is subject to physical, chemical and biological deterioration, which go hand in hand Causal Factors -Temperature (heat and cold) * Oxygen * Moisture * Light & radiation * Time.* Natural food enzymes * Micro- and macro- organisms * Industrial contaminants * Some foods in the presence of other foods In general, deterioration is slowed down when the food is low in moisture, high in salt/sugar or acid Shelf-life and Dating of Foods Shelf-life is the time it takes a product to decline to an acceptable level time a product remains saleable MAQ minimum acceptable quality for the product must be defined by the manufacturers or retailers Actual length of shelf-life is dependent on a number of factors 1. processing methods 2. advancement.3. computer storage conditions Dating provides consumers some indication of the shelf-life or freshness of the products they buy Type of code dates include * date of manufacture (pack date) * date the product was displayed (display date) * date by which the product should be sold (sell by date) * last date of maximal quality ( opera hat used date) * date beyond which the product is no longer acceptable (use by date or expiration date) major Causes of Food Deterioration -often the following factors do not operate in isolation -as such, effective preservation must eliminate or minimize all of these factors in a given food to prevent/minimize deterioration 1.Growth activities and activities of microorganisms Bacteria, yeasts, molds Microbial growth curve * Conditions necessary for microorganisms to grow * Source * Food residue * Moisture * Time * Temperature * Invasion of microorganisms is due to contamination which can be avoided by sanitary practices and proper processing procedures and packaging * Not all microorganisms can cause disease or food spoilage, others are useful for food processing * Food borne diseases special kind of deterioration that may or may not alter a foods organoleptic properties 2. Infestation by insects, parasites and rodents.* Insects destroy 5-10% annual grain crops (US), in other countries (50%) * Parasites Examples of Parasites * Trichinella spirallis, enters hogs eating raw food wastes nematodes, penetrates hog intestines and find way into the pork Entamoeba histolytica, parasite associated to raw human excrement and can infect crops when raw human excrement is used as fertilizer -can cause amoebic dysentery * Rodents can consume large quantities of foods and they can contaminate food by filth they carry can pervade diseases like Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Typhoid fever Plague 3.Activities of food enzymes and other chemical reactions within food itself * food enzymes are natural in healthy, uninfected foods * action at law is intensified right after harvest * activity is sometimes desirable * can be inactivated by heat, chemicals and irradiation, etc. 4. Inappropriate temperatures (heat and cold) for a given food * heat and cold can cause deterioration if not controlled 10-38C (normal working temperature) * excessive heat denatures protein, breaks emulsion, dries out food by evaporation and destroys vitamins * rampant cold FAV are frozen discoloration, changes in texture. can break emulsion such as in milk denatures milk protein chill injury 5. either the gain or loss of moisture Aw and Moisture Content (needed by microorganisms for growth and by different chemical reactions) 6. Reaction with oxygen * can cause chemical oxidation of nutrients, colors, flavors * required for growth of some microorganisms * can be excluded by vacuum packaging, addition of oxygen scavengers 7. Light * can destroy some vitamins (riboflavin, A and C) deteriorates many food colors * in milk can cause sunlight flavors (induced fat oxidation and changes in CHON) * Can be minimise by opaque packaging 8.Time * quality decreases with time * object is to maintain and capture freshness of foods * to prolong shelf life adequate processing, packaging and storage Spoilage of Different Kinds of Foods 1. Bread Mold results in discoloration of the bread Ropiness well-situated and sticky to touch, caused by sporeforming bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis 2. beloved * high sug ar(70-80%) and acidic (pH= 3. 2-4. 2) * chief cause of spoilage Zygosaccharomyces mellis 3. Candy * not subject to microbial spoilage (high sugar and low MC) * except chocolate with soft centers (burst and may explode), cause by Clostridium spp.4. Fruits and Vegetables * spoilage due to physical factors, action of their enzymes, microbial action or combination of these agents * microbial spoilage may be due to plant pathogen and/or saprophytic microorganisms * general face of spoilage * bacterial soft rot (Erwinia caratova) * gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) * rhizopus rot (Rhizopus nigricans) * anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) * blue mold rot (Penicillium) * black mold rot (Aspergillus niger) 5. Fruit Juices * acidic (pH 2. 4-4. 7), all contain sugars (2-17%) * molds.* alcohol fermentation 6. Sauerkraut * inferior quality due to abnormal fermentation high temp low temp too long fermentation * surface spoilage (destroy the acidity, permit other microorganisms to grow, s oftening, darkening and unspeakable flavors) 7. Fresh Eggs * Defects cracks, leaks, dirty spots on the exterior (will favor spoilage on storage) * Changes caused by microorganisms during storage * commons rot (Pseudomonas fluorescens) giving green color of the egg white * colorless rot (various microorganisms) yolk is affected 8. Meat and Meat Products.* raw core enzyme, microorganisms, oxidation of fats * beef moderate heart of autolysis is desired to tenderize it, excessive autolysis (souring) * general principles * Factors influencing invasion of tissues by microorganisms * load in the gut of the brute * physiological condition of the animal before slaughter * method of killing and bleeding Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in meat * kind and amount of microorganisms * physical properties of meat (exposed area, grinding) * chemical properties of the meat (MC, protein, CHO, pH).* availability of oxygen * temperature General types of spoilage in meat * aerobic con dition * surface slime (Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Micrococcus) * surface discoloration (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus/Flavobacterium) * oxidation of fats * stickiness (molds) * face fungus (Thamnidium elegans, Mucor mucedo) * anaerobic condition * putrefaction, souring Cured meats addition of nitrates inhibit growth of microorganisms, spoilage same with fresh if stored improperly 9. Fish and Other Seafoods.* spoiled by autolysis, oxidation or bacterial activity * factors influencing spoilage * kind of seek flat fish vs. round fish, fatty fish deteriorates faster * condition of fish when caught exhausted spoil rapidly * kind and extent of contamination of the fish flesh with bacteria * temperature * use of an antibiotic ice or dip evidences of spoilage * brightness fades and dirty, yellow discoloration appears * slime on the fish increases * eyes gradually sink * gills light pink to grayish yellow * softening of the flesh.* g rowth of off-colors 10. Poultry * chief source of spoilage bacteria * bacterial growth takes place on the surface and any cut surfaces and the decomposition products diffuse easily into the meat * off-odor is noted when the bacterial count is at 2. 5 x 106 cfu/cm2 * Psuedomonas and Achromobacter * Micrococcus, Flavobacterium and Achromobacter * Surface of skin becomes slime, acid/sour odor 11. Milk Chief type of spoilage * Souring or acid formation * Gas production * Proteolysis * Ropiness * Surface or throughout the milk.