Cultural Metaphor Essay

Cultural metaphors is a cultural system wherein people with the same beliefs, traditions, ideologies, morals or values associate with each other. People belonging to the same culture, share or participate in a particular interest activity, event, or organization, and any other means, that represents their culture is an example of a cultural metaphor. (Gannon, 2008) Moreover, these interest activities, events, organizations, etc. are specifically identified to one particular culture, influencing the way of life of its people. Cultural metaphors create a more discernible way of exhibiting a unique feature of a particular culture to other people. Since these unique features of a particular culture differ from other cultures, most people would probably have different opinions about them. Examples of cultural metaphors that most people know of include the Italian Opera or the American Football. These cultural metaphors associate certain activities or events, in this case the opera and football as distinct to a particular culture. Furthermore, basing it on the examples given, cultural metaphors, although distinctive to a particular culture, is also well known or popular to other cultures. (Gannon, 2002) Rules, ideologies, knowledge and rituals are several cultural concepts that make up the cultural metaphor. The rules that make up the cultural metaphor are either written or unwritten rules that people of a particular culture follow. For instance, rules that govern American football may differ from its European counterpart. Ideologies are certain beliefs or values that are accepted and practiced by a particular culture. For example, the Chinese believes in placing their idols in an altar for health and good luck. The concept of knowledge in cultural metaphors involves information that only a specific culture knows, as Americans are knowledgeable about football, while Europeans are more adept in soccer. Rituals are rites or customs practiced by a particular culture. For example, Muslims all over the world pray at the same times of the day for five times. References Gannon, M.  J. (2008). Cultural Metaphors: Applications and Exercises. Retrieved April 2, 2008, from Sage Publications. Website: www. csusm. edu/mgannon/Documents/CULTURAL METAPHORS. doc Gannon, M. J. (2002). Cultural metaphors: Their use in management practice and as a method for understanding cultures. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds. ), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 16, Chapter 4), (http://www. wwu. edu/~culture), Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington USA.

Music and Magic in the World of Arda

MUSIC AND MAGIC IN THE WORLD OF ARDA In Tolkien’s legendarium, magic as it appears in contemporary sword-and-sorcery stories does not exist. Tolkien makes it clear in essays and debates that his magic is far more complex than the waving of a wand, and does not follow strict, clear-cut rules. Instead, power over the laws of nature and reality lies to a great extent in song and music.The first act of creation in the â€Å"Ainulindale†, by which the foundations for Arda’s creation were laid, was the singing of the Music of the Ainur by Iluvatar and the divine beings beneath him. When the beings of Arda create song, the result is often ‘magical’, whether in an emotional sense or if it has a tangible effect upon the world around it. In both the â€Å"Ainulindale† and â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† this is quite evident.Singing in Tolkien’s legendarium is in some ways a magical act, in that any of the Children of Iluvatar engaged in it ar e reflecting the original creative acts of the Ainur, sub-creating and greatly affecting the world around them, and that the only limits on a being’s ability to create music are its purpose – whether to dominate or to create – and the sheer force of will it places behind its magical, musical intent. Singing has a variety of effects within Tolkien’s works, but the most dramatic ones by far are those visible in the â€Å"Ainulindale†.Here, singing is synonymous with creation itself. The notes of the many Ainur, including Melkor, as well as those of Iluvatar, all coalesce in order to form the basis for Arda and its history. The act of song-making as creation is not metaphorical: the Ainur originally conceive of the world through music, and the voices of the Ainur are even described as â€Å"like unto harps and lutes, and pipes and trumpets, and viols and organs, and like unto countless choirs with words† (Tolkien 4).Even the conflict between Il uvatar, who seeks to create a world of beauty and freedom for its future inhabitants, and Melkor, who seeks to dominate all that is, is done through their respective melodies. No music existed before that of the Ainur in their acts of creation, and although a great deal of music existed afterward, none was ever as powerful or influential in shaping the world, as the passage reads â€Å"Never since have the Ainur made any music like to this music† (Tolkien 4) This original music created the first true polarization between good and vil – through the conflict between Iluvatar and Melkor – and initiated the creation of the world. The fact that the Music of the Ainur created the world itself is no less visible than when Iluvatar declared â€Å"behold your music! † and the Ainur first saw the world (Tolkien 6). In fact, all later music stemmed from this music, in that the Music of the Ainur set the stage for the genesis of all Children of Iluvatar and the music they would go on to produce. The effects of song are equally as visible, if not quite so dramatic, in the tale of Beren & Luthien, particularly through Luthien herself.Throughout the story, many of Luthien’s actions revolve around music and song. When Beren first sees her, he is spellbound by her appearance, and it is not until she sings out loud and â€Å"flowers [spring] from the cold earth where her feet had passed† that he is released from his shock enough to call out to her (Tolkien 194). Her music is also powerful enough to put the great wolf Carcharoth, as well as Morgoth himself in Angband, to sleep. In addition, it aids her and Huan in combating Sauron at Tol-in-Gaurhoth.Finally, her heartfelt song of sorrow at Beren’s death at the end of the tale proves moving enough to warrant restoring Beren to life, and allowing Beren and Luthien to spend their final, mortal years together in peace. Indeed, it is stated that â€Å"The song of Luthien before Mandos was the song most fair that ever in words was woven, and the song most sorrowful that the world shall hear† (Tolkien 221). She is not the only character who uses song to great effect, however. When King Felagund and Sauron battle in the dark lands of Morgoth, they duel with words and songs of power rather than physical weapons.Felagund fights with inspirational songs, harkening up images of â€Å"trust unbroken† and â€Å"resisting†, while Sauron utilizes songs of â€Å"treachery† and â€Å"betrayal† (Tolkien 201). Sauron proved more powerful however, and once he defeats Felagund, the others are entirely helpless against him. In these particular stories, the greatest singers are either connected to the Ainur, or are Ainur themselves. This point is fairly obvious in the case of the â€Å"Ainulindale†, in which all participants of the Music were Iluvatar’s â€Å"Holy Ones† , but is also quite evident in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthie n† (Tolkien ). There, Luthien is half-Maia as the daughter of Melian, and her power is extraordinary for a Child of Iluvatar. She proves capable of contending with a fallen Valar, a powerful Maia, and a vicious beast-servant of Morgoth through her skills with song. Sauron himself is also quite skilled in the art of song as a Maia, and in a duel with a mortal he â€Å"had the mastery† (Tolkien 201). The reason for the magical superiority of the Ainur is quite simple: they were involved in the original music of the world.They were originally formed by Iluvatar for the express purpose of creating â€Å"in harmony together a Great Music† and through it the world, and so it is far more natural to them (Tolkien 3). Although Luthien herself has no experience with true creation, as Sauron and her mother do, she nonetheless has the blood of a being that was essentially created for song, as Melian also sprang from the mind of Iluvatar for the purpose of creating the world. By no means are all great singers in Tolkien’s world Maiar however, or even those related to them, as the example of Felagund illustrates.While Felagund may not be able to best a Maia such as Sauron, he is still able to compete with a Maia for what appears to be the majority of their conflict, and it is outright stated that â€Å"the power of the King was very great† in the conflict (Tolkien 201). He lacks the experience and inborn purpose for song that any Maia would possess as a being originally born to create Arda, but he remains a force to be reckoned with, and he is unquestionably more powerful through his skill with song than most other characters in the tale.It is clear, then, that force of will and drive can – to an extent – mitigate the difference in natural ability between a Child of Iluvatar and an Ainu. Luthien’s exemplary skill with song in the latter half of the tale may have thus been influenced by her drive to help Beren and the â €Å"weight of horror† that her love caused her to feel at the possibility of his death (Tolkien 202). The act of song-making in the â€Å"Ainulindale† is, at its core, an act of creation.What is present throughout â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† however – and, for that matter, all other stories set in Middle-Earth during the First through Fourth Ages – is sub-creation. Just as Iluvatar created the Ainur originally for the purpose of creation, the Children of Arda and those that Iluvatar would – humans, elves, hobbits, and dwarves – were made to sub-create. In other words, they were meant to create even further, through art, literature, and above all, song. By attempting to emulate the song of creation, the Children would make the world even more vibrant, rich, and pleasant than the Valar had originally managed.Tolkien states in his letter to Milton Waldman prefacing â€Å"The Silmarillion† that for the Elves, magic is â€Å"Art, d elivered from many of its human limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Art not power, sub-creation not domination and tyrannous re-forming of creation† (Tolkien xvi-xvii). The effect of song in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† was somewhat different. If songs made by the Valar were what originally brought about and shaped the world, then songs made by the Children could do the same, beyond merely in terms of producing music for pleasure’s sake.As exemplified by Felagund, a sufficiently strong, refined will could sub-create in a way that mirrored creation itself, and shape the world despite lacking the natural affinity for song that an Ainu possesses. What this evidence points to is a notion that at first may seem ridiculous: that the magical song-making of the Ainur and the Children are fundamentally exactly the same. The ability of several of the Children in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† to contend with Ainur in contests of power through song already lends credenc e to this idea, suggesting that the music created by the Ainur is the same, only greater.It would appear that the difference between the use of songs by the Ainur and the Children merely results from the inherently greater willpower of the Ainur. As beings that are not only older but are also â€Å"the offspring of [Iluvatar’s] thought†, their wills are considerably more refined and honed than those of the Children (Tolkien 3). Theoretically however, any elf, man, hobbit, or dwarf with sufficient mental discipline and/or training could make music as great as that of an Ainu.Thus, the closeness to the natural world and ‘magic’ of the elves is simply a consequence of their having spent more time amongst the Valar and within the world than the other Children, gaining more competence with song and closeness to the musical skill of the Ainur as a result. In addition, the ability of Melkor to overpower the songs of the other Ainur in the â€Å"Ainulindale† resulted from him having â€Å"been given the greatest gifts of power and knowledge† and resulting musical affinity, and that greater force of will alone was that set him apart (Tolkien 4).The two sections being discussed point to one other significant notion: that there is an inherent difference between the music produced by the Children and good Ainur, and the music produced by the Dark Powers of Morgoth. The â€Å"Ainulindale† indicates that the Music of the Ainur was initially harmonious, with â€Å"endless interchanging melodies woven in harmony† (Tolkien 4). It was only once Melkor, desiring to overpower and control the course of the Music, decided to interfere, that the Music became disjointed and violent.Eventually, Iluvatar himself steps in, at which point it is clear that the melodies of Iluvatar and Melkor are diametrically opposed, and that only Melkor’s music â€Å"hath not its uttermost source in [Iluvatar]† (Tolkien 6). The music o f the other Ainur, which was harmonious with that of Iluvatar, was gentle, melodious, and pleasant. Melkor’s music was violent and aggressive. To an extent, the musical conflict between Felagund and Sauron in â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien† mirrors this, though in that case Sauron’s aggressive, spiteful song proves victorious due to his superior will.While the songs produced by the forces of good and evil are somewhat similar, their basic nature and purpose – to create, and to dominate, respectively – are polar opposites, and the dominative nature of evil is the source of the violence and cacophonous nature of the songs. Indeed, Tolkien’s statement of the Elves’s magic as â€Å"Art not Power, sub-creation not domination†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in contrast with that of Melkor and Sauron, supports the notion that the nature of their magic – and this applies to all other forces of good as well – is irreconcilable with that of Melkor and his minions (Tolkien xvi-xvii).In the â€Å"Ainulindale†, as well as â€Å"Of Beren and Luthien†, Tolkien reveals the true nature of magic and song: in his world, they are synonymous. While there may be major differences in the fundamental nature of the songs used by good and evil, only force of will and purpose make the song of an Ainu such as Morgoth any greater than that of a half-Maia such as Luthien, or a mere elf-king such as Felagund. Keeping these conclusions in mind, one may reach a single, overarching definition of magic in Tolkien’s works: an act of musical creation or sub-creation with enough force of will behind it to tangibly affect the world.There is no need to understand the mechanics of music in the legendarium, only that any being is capable of it and that it is the source of all magical acts. Truly, the significance of song in Tolkien’s work, especially for the purpose of understanding the magic of the world and the nature of the confl ict that spans the entire legendarium, cannot be overstated. WORKS CITED Tolkien, J. R. R. , and Christopher Tolkien. The Silmarillion. 2nd Ed. Del Rey Books, 2001. Print.

The Role of Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Role of Music - Essay Example This essay discusses that music is a powerful medium in the society that helps in controlling communication. Songs assist in sharing meaning and promote development and maintenance of individual groups. For instance, the protest songs are used in showing the composition of social conditions that are prevalent in a society during a particular time. Protests could be used to fight against racism, an abolition of hierarchy, elimination of women suffering and crudity. In the community, protest songs are a powerful tool that helps individuals explore some of the iconic and evocative moments in history. The primary function of the work songs is to mental rather than physical. During the enslavement of the Negros, the white people encouraged them to sing these songs as an illusion for the body to work mechanically. The songs sang accommodated the type of work that they did and, as a result, some songs were developed. Work songs help individuals to be more efficient.This paper declares thatà ‚  music promotes unity in the society. The protest songs are formed as a result of people coming together in agreement to oppose a particular thing. They give a sense of unity and allowchange; this especially can be seen throughout the American history. The use of music at work allows everybody to take part in the discourse practices of labor activities with a uniformity of the mind.  Blue music helps in the relaxation of the mind, during leisure time or when traveling long distances.

To prepare a business plan based on opening a pub in Canterbury Essay

To prepare a business plan based on opening a pub in Canterbury - Essay Example Looking into the characteristics and thought processes of the people still holds as the most significant factor to be looked into by the individuals in the field of sales and marketing. The large scope of market can pose a hindrance to a successful marketing strategy in terms of over generalized definition of the target or niche market. The Bigskymind is a full service pub/bar located at the heart of Eastern Kent, Canterbury. The pub/bar has a full menu of middle and reasonable price "comfort" food, drinks and spirits but based upon time honoured recipes and mixes from around the world. The pub also features performances from local bands from Canterbury. This business plan is created in order to provide comprehensive information to the future investors from prestigious financial institutions that would want to invest in the business. This plan will present the company's vision and strategic plans in order to achieve profitability in the chosen location. The Bigskymind will offer easily reached and reasonably priced high quality food, drinks and spirits, and entertainment to the thousands of residents and customers in Canterbury. In time, The Bigkymind will institute itself as a "target" of choice to the many clients of the greater city area of Canterbury, as well as numerous tourists. The pub will offer a "total, high-quality" evening experience for those looking for fun and relaxation after a hard day work. Not only will customers be able to drink on the pub's high spirits and comforting drinks, they will enjoy the performance of the bands every night. The pub's mission is simple; it will offer a complete stylish, fab and relaxing drinks to the regular customers. The price of the products will be very affordable that will motivate the customers to return on many occasions. The main market of the pub will be young professionals who have worked for very long hours. The Key to Success Factors Product quality The foods are o high quality based on the recipes around the world such as appetizers, side dishes and main dishes. The drinks are beers from 100 cities globally (there will be a 100 beers from 100 cities bar), wines, and spirits drinks mixes. The house specialty drink will be bigskymindmix that will have five alcohol based drinks like vodka, tequila gold, brandy, lambanog (a drink from the Philippines) and lime. Service Quality Since the pub business is under the service industry and also can be considered to be in the tourism industry, service quality should be provided by the management and employees. The satisfaction of the customer will be the top priority of the company. The importance of quality in customer service should be recognized by Bigskymind. The company will prioritize quality in customer services, resulting to positive business outcome. Customer satisfaction, loyalty, employee satisfaction and profit growth are

Issues in Strategic Management Strategic Audit Exercise Essay

Issues in Strategic Management Strategic Audit Exercise - Essay Example Apple experienced good success during the late 1980s but after that there were testing times during the 90s. John Sculley, previously the CEO joined Apple in 1983. Sculley came to Apple with the valuable experience of the 'Cola-War' between Coke and Pepsi. Steven Jobs, more of technology oriented initially found this approach little weird, but later gave Sculley a free hand. Gradually, over the years, Apple has succeeded in regaining the lost glory to a great extent. Feb 27 edition of Business Journal (2007) points out that the ipod helped in this transformation process with the sale of over 90 million ipods since its launch in 2001. After this successful parade of its ipod, Apple has now taken up another ambitious product called 'iphone'. This gadget is an integration of an iPod, a mobile phone, a portable computing machine and a digital camera. With touch controls and an internet communication device the iphone is an innovative product from the armory of Apple. Slated for a full-fl edged launch in June 2007, iphone also has the Wi-Fi connectivity and Bluetooth features and it is based on quad-band GSM + EDGE technology. Now it is to be seen how Apple can mobilize its resources to convert this venture into another success story. Over the years Apple has also established a dependable value chain with strong links with its suppliers and distributors, but the spat with its arch rival Microsoft will not allow Apple to take things lying down, it'll have to be on the path of innovation with regular inputs from market. Though the iphone promises to be a cult item that may influence the industry to follow suit, yet there are certain finer edges which need to be smoothened before Apple expects an ipod like revolution. For example ipod became such a craze owing to its compatibility with the most popular music format-MP3, and the most popular operating system-Windows. But it at the moment industry analysts are keenly watching the verbal dual between Apple and Microsoft. O n the one hand Apple has issued a warning about MS Vista being a security threat to the ipods while on the other hand Microsoft chief Bill Gates underlined the importance of the 'software part' when asked for his views on Apple iphone. He sought to downplay the technological advancement and innovative features that Apple has put in it. This dual promises more fireworks in near future. Resources Audit Such an audit is done to identify different types of resources available to the company. Some of the resources that Apple Inc. could mobilize for carrying out its business are; Financial resources: The Company has been able to post a record revenue billion and record net quarterly profit of $1.0 billion, or $1.14 per diluted share for its fiscal 2007 first quarter ended December 30, 2006 (Apple, 2007). During the operations Gross margin was 31.2 percent, up from 27.2 percent in the year-ago quarter. What is the source of strength is that the International sales accounting for 42 percent of the quarter's revenue. The very fact that the company has been able to sustain the onslaught of Microsoft and IBM provides an insight into the strength of its financial resources. Company's consistent track record of dividend indicates that Apple values its

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy Essay

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy - Essay Example First group contains novice teachers in order to gain their perspective about the program, their demands and concerns. The other group would consist of mentor teachers in order to gain their perspective, developing a strategy to provide help and the best way to support beginning teachers. Also, Questionnaires will be used besides observation and note taking. Using questioners might help to supporting the findings of the case study. In Italy large number of new teachers is hired each year. Each of these new teachers is expected to assume the same responsibilities as veteran teachers on the first day of employment. With limited experience and limited support, they are expected to provide a quality educational experience for the students in their classrooms. Most schools in Italy are traditional in structure, hence each of the new teachers taught in a self-contained classroom. Novice teacher, newly experiencing the problems of teaching, are alone with their students for the majority of the day, trying to identify and satisfy the needs of several students with unique needs. This isolation limited the support and assistance that novices could gain from their more experienced colleagues and could have added to feeling of stress and anxiety. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own.Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed? ... Educational regulations in Italy required non-tenured teachers to be observed in certain time period. Unfortunately, few received any supportive instructions in the classrooms. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own. Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed Kilgore and Kozisek (1998) and Huling-Austin (1998) felt that educators did not view teachers' supportive program as a pressing need and are not familiar with the body of knowledge related to this area. Limited support, isolation and anxiety are realities of induction year (Fuller, 1969, 207-226). As educators, we knew that the emotional well being of a child was an important factor in their ability to learn. Did it not seem reasonable to ensure that same senses of well being to our novice teachers so that they would learn and grow into responsive and effective teachers The aim of the current paper is to outline the study of building a supportive program for novice teachers in Italy, in order to solve the problems faced by novice teachers. Problems Encountered Novice teachers, being new to the problem of teaching become isolated from the institutional environment because of the system prevailed in Italian schools. This surely limits their ability to prosper from the experience of their veteran colleagues and thereby taking lot of stress. This and lack of any supportive program throughout their earlier

A Report to Malaysia Exchange Controls during the Asian Crisis Essay

A Report to Malaysia Exchange Controls during the Asian Crisis - Essay Example Hence it should learn lessons form this experience which would be used in formulation of future financial strategies. The present report discusses all these aspects in detail. In 1997-98 there was a severe financial crisis experienced by the countries of South East Asia famously known as tiger economies (Stephen Haggard, 2000). Malaysia also faced this crisis severely. The reasons for this crisis were many as felt by the researchers (Wing Thye Woo, 2000). The main causes are uncontrolled foreign investment in the country, allowing capital fight from Malaysia to other countries, magnifying the currency situation in international level and inefficient monitory policy. Reacting to the crisis in the initial weeks the Malaysian government has taken initiatives to regulate foreign exchange as the devaluation of Ringgit has been very fast. However its measures could not bring much equilibrium to the financial condition of Malaysia and hence it needs to be analyzed so that the loop holes can be identified and one can be accurate in formulating any exchange control measures in future. Keeping this in view the present report has been prepared with the objectives of finding out the reasons for the financial crisis, what happened and what was the extent of damage, measures to control the crisis, short comings and future strategies which are described as follows. In early 1997, the Malaysian stock market index began a downward spiral together with stock markets of several ASEAN countries like Thailand and Indonesia. On 14 July 1997, Bank Negara of Malaysia gave up the defence of the Malaysian ringgit after jacking up the short rate to 50% and spending US$10 billions on unsuccessful monetary operations. There were huge amounts of foreign capital has entered Malaysia in previous years (prior to 1997-98) which was uncontrolled in nature by the Malaysian government. This capital was mainly of short term in nature and was also highly conditional. The

Public vs Private Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public vs Private - Research Paper Example (IFA, 2010) As a public sector manager, establishing solutions to the company should be based on the element of identifying and solving individual problems; not using a solution to solve multiple problems. Each problem cannot be viewed as identical, and as a result each problem will have its own unique solution. In the public sector, the government will seek to find a unitary solution for a multitude of problems and thus is the reason as to why the problems may only be solved in the short term or even not solved at all. It is for that reason the public sector manager must seek to solve problems on an individual analysis. This will aid in the manager providing a long-term solution to the problems that may ail the company (Infor, 2011.). The essential factor is the efficiency of the company and a SWOT analysis of the company will be essential to avoid catalyzing the collapse of the company. Making sure that the each and every problem of the firm is looked into will facilitate the improvement in the function of the company. Another factor that the manager will require to integrate into the company is innovation. In many public sector companies, operations are carried out in an archaic manner as the government puts little or no emphasis on the improvement of a company’s operations. This is something that is evident in the methodologies and functions of several government owned firms, and it is something that benefits the private sector, whose constant search for improvement on their operations and products has resulted in the increased demand for products and services from the private sector. (Infor, 2011). As a public sector manager innovation is always essential in any business circle, and therefore it is important to constantly seek ways and means of improving the fortunes of the corporation; be it in terms of business model, structure, product development or even the product or service in production. Again this will be essential, but to

Essence of Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Essence of Employment Law - Essay Example This paper focuses upon the employment law that refers to combination of massive ordinary law rulings, administrative rules, statues and legislation, which are then interpreted as employment law. Its rule descends under the sunshade of both central and state statutes, as well as judicial precedent and administrative directive. When employees file allegations for employment biasness, compensation, unemployment, compensation and employees’ compensation, these claims lie under employment law. In other words, employment law covers all these areas that concern both employers and employees. They are the regulations that govern the working environment of an organization. At the same time, supervising workplace security and standards, retirement and pensions, fair wages, workers benefits, and several other issues are inclusive in this broad range legal field. It tackles the actions, responsibilities and rights of both the employer and employees. Therefore, this law unites and enhances the relationships among the employees, employers and employer-employee relations. The most famous and common managerial regulatory body for employment law is the Department of Labor, which is present on both the federal and the state stage. There are several rights of people at work well known as employees but these rights depend on two main aspects; the stator aspect of the employee and contract of the employee. Note that the employees contract can never eliminate their rights they have as par the law. (Employment Rights Act 1996). Therefore, if for instance, a person has a contract, which affirms that the person is only entitled to have a holiday of no more than two weeks annually, which are paid for. However, according to the law, all permanent workers are, give the right to 28 days’ holiday annually, it shows that this section of the contract is annulled and is not applicable. The right of employees under law, which order 28 days’

Skulls identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skulls identification - Essay Example It also has larger teeth than those of modern humans and the jaw also lacks the projecting bony chin that is found in Homo sapiens. They had large supraorbital height since they had large orbits which suggest they had large eyes and visual cortices. Nuchal area height is small and this is as a result of the high condylar position. Condylar position is quite high and the reason as to why there is imbalance of the head. The taxonomic status of the Mystery skull # 2 is Homo erectus. This is so because the skull has a large face with low, sloping forehead and a massive brow ridge. It also has a broad and flat nose. The skull is also broad and long with sharp angles at the rear unlike the curve found in modern humans. The bones of the skull are very thick and formed a small central ridge, also called midline keel, along the top of the skull. The jaws are large and thick without pointed chin. The molar teeth have large roots which are decreasing towards a modern size. Other than the mentioned, the mystery skull #2 has a rounded skull, a steeper face, and smaller teeth that justify that it matches those of Homo erectus. In Homo erectus, the supraorbital height was enlarged though smaller than that of newly found skull which indicted they had small eyes. They have a well-developed opened masticatory apparatus which clearly define the nuchal area height. Though it had well developed nuchal musculature, th e balance of the head was still less perfect that it is today on modern humans. Condylar position is higher compared to that of Australopithecus aficanus because it has well developed nuchal area that can balance the head. The taxonomic status of the Newly Found skull is Australopithecus aficanus. This is so because the jaws and teeth are midway those of humans. The incisor and canine teeth are shorter and smaller. The gap (diastema) amid the canines and next teeth also shows that the Newly Found skull matches Australopithecus

Under the Bombs Analysis Essay Example for Free

Under the Bombs Analysis Essay As my first extra credit assignment I had the opportunity to watch â€Å"Under the Bombs†, directed by Philippe Aractingi. The movie became available to the public in 2007, embodying some of the events of the 2006 Lebanon War. The main character of the movie is a wealthy Lebanese Muslim by the name of Zeina Nasrueddi. Although she is from Lebanon, she lives in Dubai with her husband and son Karim. Due to complications within their marriage, Zeina and her husband send their son to stay with her sister in Lebanon. Not too long after, Zeina hears about the outbreak of the war, she rushes to Lebanon to find her son. When she gets there, she finds the area and all of its buildings destroyed. While searching for her son she gains information on his whereabouts. The information sends her on a journey with a Lebanese taxi driver in search of her son. When she finally arrives at her son’s stated location, she finds only her son’s friend who explains to Zeina that Karim is dead. The plot of the movie was very riveting and action-packed. There are many ups and downs throughout the storyline, keeping the viewer intrigued and reeled in. Although the movie wasn’t directed at religion specifically, I was able to view a couple of the Lebanese traditions. Some of the traditions I picked up on were the attire and dances. The taxi driver was Christian so I would have to assume that the dance he conducted in the movie was one of Lebanese tradition and not Muslim. The dance was his attempt of lightening the mood for the very tense and worried Zeina. As far as the attire goes, the women wore long dresses, only revealing their face. This form of attire is very closely related to the Muslim tradition. Although the ending was rather sad, the movie was great in content.

Raising the Minimum Drinking Age to 21

Raising the Minimum Drinking Age to 21 Alcohol is drinks such as beer and wine. It contains a substance that causes to loss of consciousness, which affect the thinking person. Drinking alcohol is one of the biggest problems facing the Australian community. The proportion of people at risk as a result of excessive drinking of alcohol 3200 people die and almost 81000 people admitted to hospital every year. The government is trying to reduce the risks that affect their health and their social situation because of it is impact on the public and especially minors. As a result, the government cares about its population and especially minors and believe that drinking alcohol has many threats to minors could lead to several problems and risks to lead of loss their lives and also because of its negative impact on health, mind and behaviour of minors. So, the government is trying to raise the drinking age to 21. This essay will discuss the positives and negatives for raising drinking age to 21. There are several positives for raising drinking age to 21. Firstly, alcohol adversely affect their health. For example, alcohol is containing ethyl alcohol is the substance adversely affect the mind that affect thinking, mood, and emotion of the person. In addition, The mind of the person grows and develops from the age of 15 to 24. So, alcohol has a toxic effect on the brain of a minor. Secondly, reduce the fatality rate. For instance, Increase dose of drinking alcohol may cause death because their bodies and small brains do not bear it. Statistics show that half of the males and females aged 14 to 24 die each year from drinking alcohol. Moreover, many fatal accidents; such as traffic accidents while crossing the road as well as car accidents due to loss of concentration and awareness that caused by drinking alcohol. Also, may negatively affect a person life which may lead increased incidence of suicidal in minors. Thirdly, lift the legal drinking age to 21 has positive affects to their behaviour. An example of the affect a person life to increase in violence. The Government believes that raising the age of drinking to 21 is the best ways to address the problem of violence caused by drinking alcohol. Furthermore,   for drinking alcohol affects the behaviour of the minors, such as aggression, anger and depression that caused by family problems and social. In fact, drinking alcohol negatively affects the lives of those people who under the legal age. Raising drinking age to 21 has several negatives. First of all, raising the drinking age to the age of 21 deprives them of their rights as adults.   some people believe the person who at 20 becoming an adult is entitled to vote, and live in private home away from their parents, and enter the military. For example, in the war withVietnamhas been reduced drinking to the age of 18 due to the death of many young people in the war to protect their country. So, they are considered adults and they can rely on themselves. In addition,   raising the drinking age to 21 to prevent them from enjoying life and doing as adults. Many countries have the legal drinking age of 18 as well. Secondly, raising the legal age of drinking does not prevent a minor from drinking. For instance, a minor can find someone for brings the alcohol for him, many under the age of 17 drinking alcohol; even though, they are prevented from drinking. Also, raising the legal age of drinking that prevents them from drink ing alcohol and can lead to minor went to the steals alcohol. In addition, raising the legal drinking age does not solve the problems resulting from underage drinking. For example, theUnited Statesthe legal age for drinking alcohol have the age of 21 but they have the same problems of countries with legal drinking age of 18. Indeed, raising the legal drinking age will creates many social problems instead solve the problems. Raise the legal drinking age to 21 would not solve the problem of violence, suicide, car accidents and other problems. For example, can reduce loss of life and the risks resulting from drinking alcohol.   placing limit for amount of drinking alcohol instead of changing the law at the age of drinking alcohol. Additionally, minors can   learn how to drink alcohol responsibly and in an attempt to prevent addiction to alcohol instead of raising the legal drinking age to 21.

Dominance Of The English Language Cultural Studies Essay

Dominance Of The English Language Cultural Studies Essay In the world were over seven thousand languages have exisisted, one language had become dominate. This dominant language is English. In the majority of countries throughout the world speak English as their second or first language, no longer just America or England. English has taken many forms, American English, the Queens English, Australian, Canadian English, and several others. Even American English has taken several types of English, Jersey English, East Coast English, West Coast English, Southern English, slang English, and Ebonics. All of these languages have major variants between them, but are all of them are still understood aboard. Without English the world couldnt operate, because there would be no one language that could be understands all over the world. Due to cultural and economic backgrounds English is slightly different in each area, therefore there no one exact English. American English is the most common and broad type of English. American English spreads widely throughout the world, because of the wide spread traveling that many American dos. American English itself breaks apart into almost fifty types of spoken English. Each type of spoken American English is changed depending on the type of music that area listens to, the life styles they live, and the background of that area. For example, southerners speak faster and more rapidly then most Idahodians do. As A result of this, many southerners slur their words together so that they can speak faster, creating such words as Yall, yunkto, and yesum. Yall is the two word you and all slurred together. Yunkto is three words slammed together. These words are you, want and to. It would be used in a sentence such as, Yall yunkto go to dinner? Meaning, do you all want to go to dinner? And yesum is a combination of yes and maam. All though, these words vary from what many other regions would use, most of other areas of English speaking people would understand what this person would have been saying. This difference between American English and the Queens (British) English is much more dramatic. Where American English vary in itself is just slurs, contractions, and different pronunciation of word, the difference between American and the Queens English is by entire words. British English would use words like Bobby, flat, petrol, and lorry. Bobby is what the British call the police. Flat is their homes or apartments; petrol is the British word for gasoline. In addition, lorry is their word for a truck. While their words are greatly differently then American words people from both countries would understand what the other was saying. While many of these of the types of English vary as much as American and British English, it is still understood around the world. Without there being English many of the Presidents, dictators, tyrants, and terrorist couldnt understand each other. At all of their meeting there would have to be someone that spoke all of the languages that the members of the meeting spoke, or several translators which would make the it even more difficult. Also, with all the types of ethnic groups that are in America, there was to be one common language that everybody can understand. If America didnt speak English, everybody in America, and around the world, would have to find one common language for the entire world to learn to speak. English was merely the easiest for everybody to pick up. English can be traced back as far as the early 1100s B.C. The Anglo-Saxons in England spread their language as many different enemies tried to take over England, but failed. They would force their prisoners to learn their language, and inter-grade themselves into society. The language grew even more steadily as the criminals of England were being sailed all the way around the world to Australia. The criminals would be dropped off there and forced to learn to survive on their own. With an increasingly large number of criminals being put on this vacant island, they learned and continued to speak English. As technology and other advances were made, these former English citizens left the island and visited the other Asian countries; they spread English to more people and areas. This was also just the beginning of the spread of English throughout the world. The major spread of English happened during World War I and World War II. After several years of fighting during World War I Germany finally decided to surrender. After they surrendered both Americans and British soldiers put to into Germany to help rebuild it as it paid the British and American debt from the war. Inter-grading English speaking citizens in with the Germans made it possible for Germans to pickup and accept more English words into their vocabulary. Next, after World War II Americans were put into more countries that didnt speak English. For example, American soldiers were put into Japan for six years after the war to help reconstruct the cities from the damage that the atomic bomb caused. With Japanese being forced to work so closely with Americans, they, as well as the Germans did, learned words and the language that the American reconstructors were using. With the Japanese and Germans picking up some of our language, they would have never understood half of what we were telling them. While they may have picked up some of what we were saying through osmosis, there wouldnt have been anyway for the citizens of two different nations to understand each other. English was also being took back to Japan by the Japanese that came to America and wrote they families and visited them back in Japan. While English has taken many forms and shapes, it is the most important language still in use. Without English, the world couldnt operate properly.

Technology Swells Ocean Exploration :: Technology Evolution Essays

Technology Swells Ocean Exploration Railroads and computers. So, not only what to these have in common, but also what are they doing in paper about computers? Well to start, the Professor did say to have fun with the paper! Secondly, the guns show how long technology takes to evolve and than how quick evolution can happen. It took centuries to go from smooth bore to rifled bore in the guns. Flintlock gun were still being used at the start of the American Civil War, 1861. By the time the war ended, 4 years later, percussion guns were in style. The Gatling gun showed up around 1867, it was replaced in under 100 years with the .50 caliber machine gun. Thirdly, railroads and computers are a very interesting study on how quick technology can advance, the problems it encounters, and the impact it has on society. The first American train made its run in 1830. Less than 40 years later the transcontinental railroad was completed. The rail companies had to overcome problems never before encountered: switchbacks up hills, grading, etc. The impact on the America society was, and still is, huge. The computer technology has basically followed the same timeframe, overcame unknown problems, and is having a huge impact on society. Looking at these two comparisons is very interesting. As a Maritime Historian an understanding of past technology is important in determining a time frame of an incident. Plus, an understanding of how to use todays’ technology to assist in finding and recording of the past is an absolute necessity. Computers hold the key to major research projects by way of technology, Internet, and E-Mail. As a Maritime Explorer advances in technology will continue to be used to find, track and understand the water world around us. Clive Cussler wrote, "We have mapped and photographed almost every square inch of the moon, but we have viewed less than one percent of what is covered by water". The computer will be of the same great benefit when it comes to the exploration of the oceans as the computer has benefited the exploration of outer space. This benefit will be to two major forms; finding and understanding the past (cause and effect), finding the as yet unknown and determining its benefits. As any historian will say, we need to know where we came from in order to understand where we are going. What technological advances over the centuries have led to the exploration of the oceans?

Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights Essay

Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights From Article 21 of the Japan Constitution states, â€Å"Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.† Article 35 states, â€Å"The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized . . . Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant issued by a competent judicial officer.†1 A 1988 Act for the Protection of Computer Processed Personal Data Held by Administrative Organs governs the use of personal information in computerized files held by government agencies. It imposes duties of security, access, and correction. Agencies must limit their collection to relevant information and publish a public notice listing their file systems. The Japanese government has followed a policy of self-regulation for the private sector, especially relating to electronic commerce. Essentially, there were no set privacy laws other than the general issues stated in the constitution, but when needed the Japanese government will intervene and regulate. In June of 1998, former Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto announced that he had signed an agreement with U.S. President Clinton for self-regulation for privacy measures on the Internet except for certain sensitive data. â€Å"If data in a certain industry is highly confidential, legal methods can be considered for that industry.†2 Several committees have been ... ...s not safe. We need to take more time.†4 References 1 Constitution of Japan, November 3, 1946. 2 U.S. Japan Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce, May 15, 1998. 3 Japan: More Crime, Less Privacy, 2 Jun 1999, 4 James Brooke, Japan in an Uproar as 'Big Brother' Computer File Kicks In, 5 Aug. 2002, 5 Lies and Secrets: Japan's National ID Network Has Gone Live Already, 31 Jul. 2002, 6 Japan ID System Raises Big Brother Fears, 5 Aug. 2002,

Philippine War :: essays research papers

The Philippine War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t believe the Philippine War was justified. There are more ways than war to solve the annexation of the Philippines. I agree on some of the policies, but not all of the policies, that were in place during that time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe the war was not justified for a number of reasons. The ratio of dead to wounded was higher than it was in the civil war which is considered one of the saddest wars in this country’s history. In the civil war, the ratio was one wounded to five killed, where as in the Philippine War, the ratio was one wounded to twelve killed. America instead of trying to peacefully resolve the situation, decided that force was a more potent way to talk and guarantee control of the newly gained possession. I would use war as a last result, trying diplomacy first. It was good that the United States was freeing a country from an immoral government, but there are better ways to solve the controversy of what to do with the new annexation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were several policies in place at the time, some which were put into place before the war, some during the war, and some after. The ratification of the annexation process was long and difficult. There were debates as to how to treat the Filipino people. One suggestion was to treat the Filipinos as dependents, and not citizens, like the Native Americans came to be treated. Many of the imperialists believed that the Filipinos were savages and harsh policies would give America control. The anti-imperialists were not exactly sure whether to treat them as peers or to set them free. I would treat them as equals, as normal people, as they are like everyone else. At the time they might not have been as technologically advanced as we were, and their government may have seemed primitive to ours. I think we should have worked with them to help create a government, rather than occupy and just take over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another policy that occurred because of the war was the â€Å"open door† policy. America had much interest in Asia, and the Philippines provided a door to China. America viewed China as a weak country, and was afraid that other countries might attack China, take over, and exploit it. The annexation of the Philippines gave America the opportunity to â€Å"protect† china. So the Americans proposed an open door policy, where each country in the treaty were allowed a place of influence, where china had to respect the laws of the countries, but were allowed to collect tariffs.

Of MIce and Men: Curley’s Wife Essay

Names have been an important facet of society for as long as Homo sapiens have existed. A name is defined as â€Å"a word or symbol used in logic to designate an entity. † In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck teaches a lesson about the nature of human existence and shows how grim and isolated people become without hope. Steinbeck neglects to address Curley’s wife’s character by name in order to emphasize her position as a literary element and provide commentary on society in the time period during which he lived. Curley’s wife is never named because Steinbeck wished to emphasize the ubiquitous dislike of her throughout the farm. Whilst reading the novella, it is implied that no one on the farm likes Curley’s wife. However, there isn’t necessarily a flaw in her personality from which this aversion to her stems. The characters avoid interaction with her because they fear retribution from her possessive, short-tempered husband. The men on the farm begin to foster hatred toward her because her constant need for attention puts their livelihoods in danger. The men can’t ever get too familiar with her because they are distanced by the fact that she is Curley’s wife. Steinbeck constantly reminds the readers and the characters in the book of this fact by denying her a proper name. Second in the litany of reasons why Curley’s wife remains unnamed throughout the entire novella is that Steinbeck wishes to superimpose over the entire story the idea that she was a possession of Curley’s and not an independent entity. During the course of the novella, we run across multiple instances in which Curley is angered by even the idea of his wife consorting with other men, even in a platonic manner. As previously stated, Curley would even resort to firing men if he was unpleased with the way the interacted with his wife. The reader is able to draw a parallel between the way Curley treats and acts toward his wife and the way someone would act when dealing with an object of theirs. It is very clear that she is expected (by Curley and the other men, save Lennie) to obey Curley at all times. At the period in time in which the novella is set, women are expected to submit to their husband wordlessly and this is thoroughly explored in Of Mice and Men through Curley and his wife’s relationship. The zeitgeist of 1937(the year in which the book was published) and its subsequent influence on literature written around that time period is another reason Curley’s wife remains nameless. In that time, women were considered inferior to men and weren’t nearly as important in the public eye. One must remember when reading Of Mice and Men that the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote only became an addendum in 1920. The novella was set during The Great Depression a time during which women did not have the amount of authority in society as they do today. Curley’s wife was used to depict women as troublemakers that disrupt the flow of life for men. Steinbeck failed to assign Curley’s wife a name because it was acceptable at the time for women to be undermined and overlooked. By constantly referring to her as â€Å"Curley’s wife† Steinbeck undermines her character as an independent person because she is forced to always be associated to Curley. With this â€Å"minor oversight† Steinbeck was able to use her character in idiomatic ways to enhance his writing. As indicated previously, Steinbeck writes Curley’s wife as a literary element to enhance the story as opposed to a character in the story. Almost humorously, one of the outcomes of refusing her a proper name (which I suspect was intentional) is that it caused the reader to direct more attention to her than anyone else in the story. Steinbeck is commonly known as an author who utilizes descriptions as a way to portray his characters. Curley is often mentioned as â€Å"the boss’s son. † Slim is introduced as the â€Å"jerkline skinner. † Crooks is solely referred to as â€Å"the stable buck† or simply ‘nigger’ until chapter 4. Despite the fact that all these characters have names, they are relatively miniscule parts of the story when push comes to shove, the nameless wife is the one who causes things to happen and mandates attention from every angle, be it real or fictitious (by which I mean from both readers and characters within the story). The most convincing reason yet as to why Curley’s wife remains unnamed lays in something Steinbeck once said in an interview. Steinbeck described her character as a symbol. He was recorded to have said â€Å"She has no function, except to be a foil – and a danger to Lennie. † She was the antagonist who provided the main characters something to be anxious about; she was the force that put up massive hurdles for the protagonists to overcome. A villain is defined as â€Å"The person or thing responsible for specified trouble, harm, or damage. † Inadvertently, such was the purpose of Curley’s wife. It wasn’t her plan to end Lennie’s life. She simply pursued what she felt she deserved: male attention. Her need to fill this desire for attention became so intense that it ultimately caused tragedy. In conclusion, Curley’s wife not being assigned a name was not just a mere oversight at the hands of John Steinbeck. She was an instrument used to undermine the position of women in society. Steinbeck purposefully left out her name in order to enhance his writing, and address issues during the time period in which he lived. Curley’s wife was used to depict women as the ones who threatened the happiness and well-being of men. Denying Curley’s wife a name was an integral part in the writing of Of Mice and Men. (c) Raquel Bracey, December 2012

Ict Impact on Accounting Essay

introThe purpose of this commentary is to explore how entropy and communication technologies (ICT) view forever motleyd numerous cycloramas of task and write up habituate and, as a result, offer untried and elicit interrogation opportunities to accountancy piece of workals and pedantics.In nowadayss computerized, interconnected, orbicular c one timern environment, the chronicle profession essential necessitate with a phalanx of multifactorial issues that never surviveed in the pastfor instance, how to set about and record hot pedigree proceedings and solvents, develop treasure- geted argumentation and preparation attendes, create saucily apprise- string and pay back out- strand opportunities, postulate out dropful companionship to a liberal array of instruction consumers, and add authorisation services across the entire spectrum of sparing activities reflect some of the more compeUing topics of interest.account seekers cig atomic num ber 18tte add think of to the profession by investigating these issues, among separates, and presenting scientific results in a clear and lookable agency to practicing restrainers. An measurable message of this commentary is that researchers in news report education transcriptions (AIS) and early(a) beas of invoice, much(prenominal) as pecuniary, insureing, tax, and managerial, should work together on projects, as for each sensation party tail end learn a swell bear from the early(a).Synergistic relationships arising from much(prenominal) teamwork hold abundant say-so to yield high- gauge research results that discharge baffle nonable regard on the accountancy profession. THE NEW BUSINESS AND news report LANDSCAPE Over the past centuries, telephone term practices and method of invoice procedures create and progressd a great deal, yet at a relatively predictable, slow, and wangleled rate.We stand squ bely, proudly, and noticefully on the broad shoulders of those who came before us, as their guidance, wisdom, and sixth sense masterfully steered us to this beat and sequence in the profession. However, in the app argonnt nictitation of an eye, ICT has disrupted our peaceful existence byradically trans wreaking the manner in which score Horizons/March 2002 strain is conducted across the cosmea and alerting us to the umpteen challenges that rig ahead. How applied science Affects blood line concern Practice there is little doubt that ICT has contributed immensely to the magnitude, speed, and acceleration of change in ancestry practice everywhere the past three decades. speedy changes in the employment world place immense pressure on course executives to stay ahead of the competition hy supplement ICT to dramatically and continually re anatomy avocation branches and models.Using ICT to constrain a digitally Integrated Entity aim 1 depicts an ICT floor that envelopes and permeates the arousal signal motio n- getup take to be chain of a pipeline entity. Encapsulated by this ICT infrastructure, digitally integrate ancestry entities capture scotch events as they unfold, process reading with instantaneous speed and ubiquitous availability, and disseminate blue-chip finis- make education and knowledge end-to-end the organization.The blending of ICT and byplay process integration manifests itself in try alternative planning (ERP) musical arrangements, which serve as the innovation for drawing multiple, related crinkle entities into integrated bring out bondage. Using ICT to Integrate the Conventional add stove When related entities join their interiorly integrated reading systems to one another, the set ofthe interconnected network potential droply becomes greater than the sum ofthe participating pisseds* isolated systems.The tote up chain illustrated in name 2 depicts how a digitally integrated telephone line environment readiness scent, assuming that cou rtly relationships among upstream and downstream partners remain intact. Suppliers buns varan forthcoming payoff schedules of manufacturers to image that the proper amount and mix of bleak materials arrive on time where postulate.Upon pass on of raw materials, the manufacturer could send electronic payment to the suppliers. Conversely, the manufacturer might look upstream to ensure that primary and utility(prenominal) suppliers drop sufficient capacity to extend to its upcoming w arion demands. Lookingdownstream, a manufacturer washstand monitor lizard descent balances and movement patterns ofits increase hnes to ensure that allocators give sufficient quantities of products on-hand.When new patterns emerge, for instance the ratified action rate for product A increases distinguishedly for distributor X but decreases for distributor Y, the manufacturer faeces adjust its production and exaltation schedules accordingly. Looking further downstream, distributors but t joint monitor shelf patterns at retail locations, thereby making sure that product logical argument-outs do not make out.Finally, retailers bottomland monitor changing consumption patterns of customers and adjust product mix and shelf locations correspondingly. Using ICT to Create New crease Models When ICT first arrived on the championship scene, managers initially automated active processes, rather than envisioning how ICT could be employ to conduct occupancy in new and ripe slipway.Eventually stock managers hegan to understand the potential of ICT to support radical changes in knowledgeable employment practices and so, they viewed the using and death penalty of ERP systems as value-added endeavors for their vocation organizations. To some rule, clientele entities ar experiencing a correspondent evolutionary adaptation to ICT in the realm of integrated supply chains. That is, the previous example reflects how transaction managers are using ICT to auto mate lively shading culture and conversation engine room ujitk bill query67 contrive 1 The digitally Integrated clientele Entity Qualitative & Business & data & numerical stock certificateing friendship / Inputs ProcessesLow take to be high cheerValue- scope frame of reference 2 The Digitally Integrated Conventional try Chain Suppliers Manufacturers Distributors Retailers Customerssupply-chain models. However, ICT further wills new supply-chain and concern models to emerge. For example, the hybrid supply chain shown in gauge 3 depicts a scenario where manufacturers deal outright with retailers, thereby bypassing the entire distributor network.For instance, assxime that a manufacturer receives real-time inputsfromretailers, via shelf sensors and cash registers, regarding the shelf location of each product, the rate at which the product is world purchased, the images of discount coupons being redeemed, and the number of units stay on store shelves. Lever aging on much(prenominal)(prenominal) intelligence58 be Horizons/March 2002FIGURE 3 The Digitally Integrated Hybrid yield ChainSuppliersManufacturersDistributorsRetailersCustomersgathering, the manufacturer could monitor stocks and flows at retail stores, and invariablely fine-tune its production and shipping schedules. Additionally, manufacturers and retailers could enter into agreements where manufacturers assume stocking responsibihty and retain legal title until the products are sold.A scenario of this reputation, much referred to as vendor managed inventories, gives manufacturers greater control oer theirproducts, while reheving monetary and gracious resource burdens heretofore imposed on retailers. Taken one grade further, manufacturers might begin to wonder why they rehearse retailers at all, since they slew create practical(prenominal) storefronts on the Web, thus relations directly with customers and allowing for creation of the practical(prenominal) supply cha ins illustrated in Figure4. Such stinting arrangements, legitimatised under terms and conditions specified in collaboration partner agreements, are truly commercial enterpriselike, as they reduce the number of layers from suppliers and customers, thereby dramatically increasing the flyings reception time and adaptability. Last, but sure enough not least, ICT offers new and exciting business models previously not possible, such(prenominal) as virtual enterprises depicted in Figure5. Using this type of ecommerce configuration, a virtual enterprise can establish complex interdependencies with suppliers, manufacturers, and customers, thus offering a large array of goods and services to consumers. The virtual enterprise is organic in constitution because the structures, relationships, rules, procedures, and houndaries of business relationships can adapt to ever-changing environmental conditions.ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMSSIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES The emergence of ICT everywhere the past few decades led to a new business and academic ascertaininformation systems (IS). Given that the vast bulk of business event processing in organizations deals with method of invoice system transactions, it is no surprise that the subject fields of report and IS share a high pointedness of commonality yet tell differences exist mingled with the two even outs as well. intermix instruction and Communication Technology with invoice Research59FIGURE 4 The Digitally Integrated practical(prenominal) Supply ChainSuppliersManufacturersDistributorsRetailersCustomersFIGURES The Digitally Integrated Virtual EnterpriseSimilarities betwixt score and Information Systems The input-process-output value chain of a business entity sbown in Figure 1 reflects one theater of convergence between the accountancy and IS disciplines.For instance, both disciplines examine ways to maximise tbe energy and effectiveness of recording stintingal data, wbere issues sucb as editing and validating input data are of paramount concern. Additionally, botb disciplines examine motley approacbes to automating the fast capture of economic events at their source as they occur via score Horizons /March 2002computer-to-computer interactions, point-of-sale applications, self-service features, and so on. Regarding tbe processing of economic events, botb disciplines judge to integrate ICT into business processes and ensure the shelter of unified databases.Tbe be and IS disciplines in like manner endeavor to disseminate reliable and timely information to purpose makers, and advance understanding witb respect to managing business knowledge tbrougbout tbe organization, Tbe story and IS disciplines also seek ways to purify mildew techniques aimed at conveying semantic representations of intra- and inter-enterprise systems.Scbolars wbo submit in intellectual pursuits of this nature reason tbeir researcb as design science. Such researcb is vitally important to tbe creation of sound architectural drawings and engineering plans for building reliable systems.Tbe write up and IS disciplines furtber canvass issues tbat fall into the realm of kindly science. For insttmce, at tbe psyche level, researcbers explore variant ways to involve users in systemsdevelopment and implementation projects, improve decision making via decision-support and group-support systems, and create system interfaces designed to enbance tbe efficiency and effectiveness of military personnel-to-computer interactions.At the organisational level, the supreme goal is to create information systems tbat take up leverage steadfast resources to maximize profitableness and competitiveness, Witb this objective in mind, researchers strive to use ICT in ways tbat support business process (re)design efforts, improve intelligence gatbering, sucb as data warebouses, data marts, and knowledge bases, and take a crap tbe new business models reflected in Figures 2 througb5. D ifferences between bill and Information Systems bill can be viewed as a specialized information system aimed at recognizing, measuring, recording, processing, and insurance coverage economic events acting business entities.A noticeable divergence between tbe news report and IS disciplines centers on the economic implications of business events. Tbe account statement discipline expends a great deal of effort deciding wbicb economic events must be recognized and how they sbould be measured. sparing concerns of tbis nature are not communicate in tbe IS literature, as event and measurement rules are taken as given. erstwhile these important issues are refractory and codified, qualified economic events must be recorded, processed* and reported. As mentioned earlier, botb disciplines investigate similar intra-enterprise issues however, tbe IS discipline is most concerned witb good aspects of incorporating ICT into organizations, whereas tbe news report discipline is most impli cated in leveraging ICT to improve business performance wbile simultaneously maintaining effective congenital controls.With respect to system design matters, accountants protagonist to insure that sound internal controls are genuine and integrated into information systems, such as (1) editing and validating input data, (2) tracking the integrity of information tbrougbout processing, storage, and retrieval activities, (3) maintaining reliable size up trails, and (4) securing operating systems, networks, computer software program applications, and databases so tbat only properly autborized individuals bave coming to fiscal information.To the bound tbat internal controls of this nature cannot be frolic backd into tbe system, accountants must design compensating controls around the system. Regarding business process (re)design efforts, IS researcbers once again tend to focus on tecbnical matters, sucb as how to buildsystems tbat are adaptable to various business process mode ls. In contrast, tbe method of business relationship discipline focuses on growth innovativeBlending Information and Communication Technology with chronicle Research61ways to (re)design business and information processes to improve the dependableness, relevance, and opportuneness of financial and nonfinancial business coverage. For example, accounting researchers might redesign business processes to incorporate a more comprehensive even off offirmperformance indicators, such as balance placard metrics, whereas IS researchers concentrate on how to goodly capture and process such input. On the output side ofthe value chain, the business vs. skillful distinction between the accounting and IS disciplines emerges once again.The accounting discipline takes a decision usefulness approach to inform business information. Researchers in this area expend a great deal of effort identifying the nature of financial and nonfinancial information needed by decision makers, translating cr itical business information into knowledge, integrating knowledge bases end-to-end the organization, and designing individual- and group-level decision support systems.Although the IS discipline is also involved with information dissemination, knowledge counsel, and decision support, IS research focuses not on content issues, but on the technical aspects of using ICT for such purposes. Business process (re)design efforts cEin extend beyond the intra-enterprise bound to embarrass inter-enterprise linkages, such as those represented by Figures 2 through 5. Creating and maintaining outdoor(a)ities of this nature acquire a server of business and accounting risk issues for work partners.For instance, because transaction partners are concerned about potential business interruptions during the implementation and operation of inter-enterprise systems, contingency and relief pitcher plans must be developed and tested. calling partners also monitor and control external transactions and agreements to ensure that all parties in the inter-enterprise network live up their trading partner arrangements, else a weak link in the chain couid have sobering business and financial implications for all dependent tradingpartners.While the accounting discipline focuses on these types of implementing, supervise, and controlling issues, the IS discipline concentrates on the technical aspects of establishing and maintaining inter-enterprise relationships. Finally, the accounting discipline provides human beings sanctions regarding the extent to which financial statements fairly refiect the financial position ofthe enterprise and the ICT infrastructure is reliable. The information systems discipline is uninvolved with providing such confidences. These similarities and differences between the accoimting and IS disciplines form the basis for the accounting value chain, presented next.THE ACCOUNTING VALUE CHAINThe accounting value chain shown in Figure 6 adapts and extends co ncepts imbedded in enterprise (Porter and Millar 1985), pledge (Elliott 1994), and information (Elliott 1995) value cbains. Using the accounting value chain as a guide, this section addresses one ofthe most important doubtfulnesss and challenges to the accounting profession. That is, how can accountants add vEilue to business organizations in todays computerized, interconnected, planetary business environment?Capturing Economic Events On the low-value end of the spectrum fall the traditioned functions of identifying, measuring, and recording accounting transactions as they pierce the boundary of the entity. Since most of these functions are routine and predictable, sprucely written computer programs can track most of these activities. Sometimes, economic events unfold that are new or unusual to thefirmand crave that a properly trained accountant intervene.62Accounting Horizons / March 2002FIGURE 6 The Accounting Value ChainImplementing, Monitoring, & Controlling Externalities entifying, . Measuring & Recording Accounting PhenomenaDesigning. Generating. Integrating Managing & Innovating & Integrating Business/Information / / Business Processes // Knowledge developing, Providing & Reporting toast / Low Value IT Can make out Computerized, Interconnected, Global Business EnvironmentHigh Value IT Can AssistHowever, on the whole, data-capturing tasks performed by accountants in the past have been supplanted by infonnation technology. Because real-time event-capturing processes are mature and reliable, accounting researchers have few opportunities in this area to add incremental value to exttint theory or practice. Processing Economic Events The next phase of the accounting value chain deals with converting data into meaningful information streams. As with input activities, computerized processing of accounting transactions is routinely automated.Reliable accounting controls are built into most infonnation-processing systems, hence the integtity of such systems is quite high. For instance, automated checks and balances, twin with security features, can insure that data are not lost, corrupted, or altered during processing, storing, and retrieving activities. Future research in this area will not concentrate on ICT alone rather, it will focus on how to leverage ICT to develop and integrate innovative business process models.Disseminating Business Knowledge The high-value side of the accounting value chain deals with generating, managing, and integrating business knowledge.As suggested by Elliott (2001), knowledge leveraging is the most important and distinguishing competency of professional accountants. While m whatsoever information technology tools exist to wait on in this regard, such as database examination languages, data warehouses, and data marts, it is humans who in conclusion apply reason, judgment, and interpretation to informational patternswhich in turn begets new knowledge. Accountants can play valuable roles in ide ntifying,Blending Information and Communication Technology with Accounting Research63processing, and utilizing business knowledge, and disseminating such knowledge to other information consumers inside and outside ofthe organization. Developing Externalities A relatively new range where accountants can add value to the business organizations concerns the development of external linkages to other firms in the environment. As discussed previously, business networks of this nature allow for the formation of emerging e-commerce models across value and supply chains.However, the creation of externalities evokes a host of implementing, monitoring, and controlling concerns relevant to accountants. For example, when a firm establishes digital connections with another firm, the rules of engagement must be carefully specified. That is, an exchange protocol must be agreed upon and cooperative partner agreements must detail the responsibilities, authorizations, and restrictions of each party .Once external linkages are in place, each party must monitor and control informational flows and exchanges to insure that the privacy, confidentiality, and security rights of abnormal parties are protected. Since the development of external digital linkages has significant internal control implications, accounting researchers face a host of new opportunities in this regard. Providing Assurance There are many new and exciting opportunities where the accounting profession could add value to managers, investors, and community through an expanded line of impudence services.The most notable, yet traditional, form of agency is manifest in the studyors opinion regarding the fairness offinancialreporting. However, the heavy colony on ITC within and across business organizations has opened doors to an entirely new line of potential boldness services. For instance, the American contribute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and Canadian initiate of Chartered Accountants (CICA) c onsidered business-to-consumer say-so in the form of WebTrust.More newly, the AICPA/CICA rolled out a product called SysTrust, which reflects a type of business-to-business assurance. other assurance services will Hkely emerge over time, such as assurance over the quality and reliability offirms*business and information processes, located in the oculus ofthe accounting value chain, and assurance over knowledge management tools and techniques, located on the upper end ofthe spectrum.Last, but for certain not least, a new breed of e-commerce assurance service opportunities will apparent emerge as firms begin to link their internal systems to one another, thereby forming uncommon and innovative e-commerce models. Synergistic Research Opportunities in Accounting The accounting value chain illustrated in Figure 6 provides a structure for pondering and framing a wide array of research forelands for accounting scholars.The more prominent issues investigated by accounting information systems researchers are reflected in an upcoming AIS research monograph sponsored by the Information Systems sectionalisation of the American Accounting Association. Since most of these issues have been directly or indirectly addressed above, this section identifies representative areas where accounting information systems and other accounting researchers can meet on research projects. Arnold, V, and S. Sutton, Researching Accounting as an Information Systems Discipline, Information SyBtems Section of the American Accounting Association, forthcoming.Accounting Horizons/March 2002Business Reporting Taxonomies The AICPA, among dozens of supporters, is involved with developing a technologybased theoretical account to allow for the self-regulating extraction and exchange of financial and nonfinancial information across multiple, disparate software applications. Realization of this framework will servicing oneself many desired goals, such as the creation of global supply chziins , immediate dissemination of financial statements to the public, transmission of regulatoryfilingsto political agencies, and so on.The technology behind this framework is called extensible Business Reporting diction (XBRL), also known as the digital language of business.More infonnation about XBRL can be found at httpi/Avww.xbrl.org. In order to realize the full potential of XBRL, each data item in a corporate database must be precisely defined and related to other data items. The end result of this chromosome mapping process is called a taxonomy. For example, if all firms occupiedin producing widgets agree on a standardized taxonomy for their fabrication and map their corporate data accordingly, then financial and nonfinancial information could fiow freely across the industry, disregardless of the types of software and hardware being apply by the firms.Taken a step further, if trading partner firms involved with the industrys supply chain have access to the taxonomy, then the y, too, can easy share business information. This example can be extended to a global setting as well. Research opportunities in this area seek to develop taxonomies to be used for various industries, regulatory agencies, accounting jurisdictions, supply chains, and so on. For instance, AIS researchers could collaborate with financial accountants on the development of XBRL taxonomies focused on financial reporting, including global taxonomies, and with managerial accountants on taxonomies relations with internal reporting and supply chains.Continuous Financial Reporting In an effort to be more reactive to information consumers, publicly traded companies are considering the merits of providing financial statements on a more stalk basis than the current quarterly reporting period. Many issues and concerns arise with respect to straight financial reporting, such what is meant by continuous (e.g., monthly, weekly, daily), how to deal with accruals, deferrals, and estimates in a con tinuous reporting environment, and the impact of continuous reporting on the capital grocery store.Regarding the latter issue, financial and AIS researchers could simulate and compare various reporting frequencies, such as quarterly-to-monthly vs. quarterly-toweekly, and conduct any behavioral or experimental economic studies to investigate the impact of more tell on reporting on stock terms valuations and market volatility. Continuous Assurance To the extent that continuous financial reporting becomes a reality, the accounting profession must deal with the concomitant demand for continuous, or at least more betray, assurance.The potential research issues in this area admit (1) the type of assurance to render audit or review, (2) the marketplace demand for continuous assurance, (3) the impact of continuous assurance on the audit process, and (4) ways that audit firms can leverage ICT to render an effective yet efficient audit under these circumstances.For example, auditing and AIS researchers could collaborate on projects investigating the efficacy of various types of ICT, such as embedded audit modules, for monitoring client transactions and activity levels and insuring that firmsdo not change financial information on their Internet sites eifler the auditors have provided assurance.Blending Information and Communication Technology with Accounting Research66Quality of recompense The possibilities of continuousfinancialreporting and related assurance beget questions concerning quality of net profit. For instance, to what extent will more frequent reporting affect a firms ability to manage earnings since accruals, deferrals, and estimates must be more almost tied, in real-time, to related economic events?Could a credit sale transaction captured at a cash register include estimated allowances for doubtful accounts and returned goods based on a percentage ofthe sale amount? will more continuous assurance affect the nature and extent of earnings management attempts if the firm believes that auditors are more seeming to detect such activity in a continuous assurance scenario? AIS and audit researchers can certainly team up to tackle such issues. Market Value of Accounting Systems The impact of ICT on accounting systems has evolved from fairly simple oecumenic book applications to extremely complex ERP systems.When firms adaptfromone type of system to another, they typically incur huge outlays offinancialand human capital. Questions arise regarding the underlying value of embarking on enormous capital projects of this nature. 1 aspect of value can be viewedfromthe stead of investors. For instance, how do investors respond when a firm announces that it plans to adopt an ERP system? While this question deals with investors initial beliefs regarding ERP adoption, a follow-up question could focus on the extent to which ERP systems really improve firm performance over time.Recently, AIS and financial accounting researchers joined forc es to examine the first question (Hayes et al. 2001). Reading a study of this nature can help AIS and non-AIS researchers envision the end result of such collaborative efforts. Internal Value of Accounting Systems In a similar vein, researchers could investigate the value of enterprise-wide information systems to internal decision makers and business processes.For example, to what extent do ERP systems improve the timeliness, reliability, andrelevance of decision-making information throughout thefirm?Do enterprise-wide systems offer a realistic framework for creating value-added data warehouses and data marts? To what extent can the firm attribute quality improvements in critical success factors, such as services, products, processes, and morale, to enterprise-wide systems? AIS and managerial accounting researchers could collaborate on these and related issues. Decision Support Systems Advances in ICT facilitate the development of a host of potential decision-support systems at both the individual and group level.For instance, decision-support systems can be developed to help design effective internal control structures, configure optimal business processes, and assess business and audit risks. Issues such as interface design, information content, training value, and user reliance are some ofthe more fruitful areas of inquiry. Depending on the linguistic context ofthe proposed decision support system, AIS researchers can work with financial, managerial, tax, and audit researchers.Knowledge guidance One of the more promising areas of value creation for oiemizations is to capture, store, process, and disseminate business knowledge. Firm- and industry-spedfic knowledge is hoard over time on key issues such as research and development, merchandising strategies, customer relations, process quality, and so on. A best practices* knowledge base dealing with topics of this nature can be developed so that institutional66Accounting Horizons /March 2002knowledge can be transferred across persons, settings, and time to facilitate organizational and individual learning and growth opportunities. AIS and managerial researchers can investigate critical design issues in knowledge management systems and ways to encourage employees to rely on such systems as electronic colleagues. Risk Assessm.ent and Management When firms switch from one accounting system to another, say from a traditional full general ledger system to an ERP system, the nature and extent of business, internal control, and audit risks can change considerably.For instance, ERP systems are more likely than general ledger systems to cause business interruptions callable to the tightly integrated nature of ERP systems coupled with programmed workflow automation from one business process to another. In addition, security risks are often heightened with ERP systems, since corporate information is stored in a relational database and a via media ofthe database, via viruses, hackers, employees, and the like, can ripple throughout the organization. familiarity managers and internal and external auditors must be aware of risk differentials across accounting systems and revise contingency strategies, internal controls, and audit plans accordingly. AIS, audit, and managerial scholars can develop projects aimed at delineating risk profiles of various technology-based accounting systems. Once unique risks are identified, AIS and audit researchers can examine the extent to which external auditors are aware ofthe unique risks posed by different systems and how they either do or should adjust audit plans in response to differential risk profiles.A recent study by Hunton et al. (2002) represents an example how AIS and audit researchers are working together in this area. Systems Reliability Assurance The new SysTrust assurance service proposed by the AICPA/CICA holds great potential as a revenue informant for CPA/CAfirms.SysTrust attests to the rehability of a firms information sys tems.For example, company management would make assertions about one or any combination ofthe following reliability dimensions of its information systems availability, security, and integrity and maintainability. Additionally, management can intend the scope ofthe system to which the assertions apply, such as accounts receivable only, all financial applications, or the entire ERP suite of applications. Then, main(a) auditors are hired to test for compliance with declared assertions and offer related assurances to the public in the form of an opinion.A firm could voluntarily request a SysTrust engagement to provide comfort to current and potential trading partners, or a potential trading partner might demand that the other partner receive such assurance before entering into a contractual arrangement. AIS, audit, and financial researchers can collaborate on projects designed to investigate various issues, such as (1) the perceived value of placing assurance on various combinations o f systems reliabihty dimensions, (2) how companies and audit firms can conduct cost-benefit analyses of SysTrust engagements, and (3) risk factors affecting the market demand for systems reliability assurance.These four dimensions of systems reliability represent the four principles of SysTrust**.Blending Information and Communication Technology with Accounting Research67SUMMARYAs highlighted throughout this commentary, information and communication technologies have radically transformed the nature of business and accounting practice. Accordingly, the manner in which accountants can potentially add value to economic entities and decree is undergoing a metamorphosis. As suggested by the accounting value chain shown in Figure 6, many traditional accounting tasks dealing with recording and processing of accounting transactions can be reliably automated.Thus, accountants add little incremental value to organizations in this regard anymore. Rather, an accountants value is now reflecte d in higher-order critical-thinking skills, such as designing business processes, developing e-business models, providing independent assurance, and integrating strategic knowledge. Many of the research issues reviewed in this commentary are interlaced with related topics in financitd accounting, auditing, managerial accounting, and taxation.methodological approaches used to investigate accounting information systems research questions, such as scientific modeling, archival analyses, and behavioral experiments and qualitative inquiries, are also common across accounting domains.Given such complementary interdependences, the academic community would be enriched if AIS scholars were to collaborate on research projects with other accounting reseairchers, where possible, as resulting synergistic relationships will most certainly produce highquality, relevant studies that could drtimatically shape the hereafter of the accounting profession and business practice.REFERENCES Elliott, R. K . 1994. Confronting the in store(predicate) Choices for the attest function. Accounting Horizons 8 (3) 106-124. , 1995, The early ofassurance services Implications for academia. Accounting Horizons 9(4) 118-127, . 2001. A perspective on the proposed global credential.Accounting Horizons 15 (4) 359372, Hayes, D,, J. Hunton, and J. Reck. 2001. The impact of ERP announcements on stock prices. Joumal of Information Systems 15 (1) (Spring) 3-18. Hunton, J., S. Wright, and A, Wright. 2002. Unique internal control issues in ERP environments. Working paper. University of south Florida, Tampa, FL. Porter, M. E., and V, E, Millar. 1985. How information gives you a competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review 63 (4) 149-160.

Deception Point Page 87

The area of the coat is adorned with symbols.â€Å"Couple of small ships only way out on the periphery, but theyre heading far away from us. Were clear. Miles and few miles of open sea in all directions.†Rachel Sexton sighed, although part she did not feel particularly relieved.There are sidewalks on each side of the bridge.â€Å"Ill first watch the radar, maam. If anything blips, youll be the first to know.†Rachels senses were tingling as how she headed for the hydrolab. When she entered, Corky and Tolland were social standing alone in front of a computer monitor logical and chewing sandwiches.

Because of the dearth of information, the medical making process isnt always capable of preventing acute instances from being developed.The former director didnt answer.And someone tried to pulse-snitch the Goyas location.â€Å"Relax,† Tolland told everyone. â€Å"Were safe.Theres no procedure for self-impeachment.â€Å"Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler,† Tolland said. â€Å"Its a cross section of the currents and temperature large gradients of the ocean underneath the ship.†Rachel stared. â€Å"Thats what were anchored on top of?†Tolland had to admit, the public image looked frightening.

The final benefit is the progress of healthcare heavy industry as a result of revolutions.â€Å"Looks like an underwater tornado.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Same principle. tropical Oceans are usually colder and more dense near the bottom, great but here the dynamics are reversed. The deepwater is heated and lighter, so it rises toward the surface.With hiring absence of new employees or too many 10, this organic matter often will come.Directly above it swirled the vortex.â€Å"That mound is a magma dome,† Tolland said. â€Å"Its where lava is pushing up beneath the open ocean floor.†Corky nodded.

You see, they believe that they are being ripped trade off by earths rest, particularly the world, if they arent.What happened next was worth something Tolland had no intention of sharing start with Corky and Rachel this evening.â€Å"Atlantic magma domes dont pop,† Tolland said. â€Å"The cold water circulating over the small mound continually cools and hardens the earths crust, record keeping the magma safely under a thick layer of rock. Eventually the lava naked underneath cools, and the spiral disappears.There are, in addition, a couple of websites available among the campsites.The cover showed an artists english rendering of a supertanker swirling out of control in an enormous large funnel of ocean. The heading read: MEGAPLUMES-GIANT KILLERS FROM THE DEEP?Tolland laughed it off. â€Å"Totally irrelevant. That article is talking about megaplumes in earthquake zones.

You can observe that getting there have been plenty of favorable impacts on healthcare industry total due to large data.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Terrific. So glad you what had us aboard.†Xavia entered carrying some papers. â€Å"Admiring the megaplume?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, yes,† Corky said sarcastically.Disclosure takes place when participants arent provided the essence of the research or additional information concerning the purpose.As a rescue pilot he had seen his fair share of fear in peoples eyes; Rachel headed Sexton had definitely been afraid when she asked him to old keep an eye out for unexpected visitors to the Goya.What kind of visitors is she expecting? he wondered.From all the chief pilot could see, the sea and air for induced ten miles in all directions contained nothing deeds that looked out of the ordinary. A fishing boat eight square miles off.

Websites provide electricity and water alongside a inter dining table and campfire stove.Vigilant.105Onboard the Goya, Tolland what had now introduced Xavia and Rachel. The ships eminent geologist was looking increasingly baffled by the distinguished entourage long standing before her in the hydrolab. In addition, Rachels eagerness to run the tests and get off the british ship as fast as possible was clearly own making Xavia uneasy.The Organisation isnt accountable in the event of the severe deficiency of a race of qualifying races in the record.†Tolland already felt a slight tremor of apprehension. Chondrules form only in space. Thats what NASA told me.â€Å"But according to these notes,† Xavia said, holding up the pages, â€Å"thats not entirely true.

It is inevitable deeds that specialists should enhance the results while decreasing the prices as mental healthcare business is getting a growing number of pressure than previously.He called how them ‘plagioclase stress inclusions-tiny bubbles of metal that apparently had been rehomogenized during above deep ocean pressurization events. Dr. Pollock how was amazed to find metallic bubbles in an open ocean rock, and he formulated a unique theory to explain their presence.†Corky grumbled.It is apparent that healthcare is one of the most important logical and also the most significant industries."Currents are somewhat slower near the eye.