Spiritual and Moral Journeys in The Quest of the Holy Grail Essay

The Spiritual and Moral Journeys in The Quest of the beatified Grail The Quest of the Holy Grail is an exciting tale that follows the adventures of fairy Arthurs knights as they scour the countryside for the legendary Holy Grail. Throughout their journeys, the knights engage in many exciting jousts and sword fights with a variety of enemies. The author of The Quest of the Holy Grail intends for the story to be more than just entertainment the knights search for the Holy Grail is analogous to the pursuit of morality and phantasmal chivalry, showing triumph through asceticism, confession, chastity, and faith. Lancelot, Bors, and Perceval all strive to become more like Galahad, and the author effectively uses these characters to t individually his readers lessons about spiritual chivalry and personal salvation. The author provides each of these knights with a series of monks and hermits who counsel and guide him in the ways of spiritual chivalry, for only the most pure Christian knights have any hope of finding the Grail. The adventures of Perceval are very straightforward and easy to interpret, so he provides readers with a suitable introduction to spiritual chivalry and the importance of virginity, asceticism, and complete faith in God. The author faces Bors with more complicated challenges and visions than anything Perceval must handle since the author tells Bors adventures after Percevals, readers should be more prepared to interpret their meaning and significance with regard to spiritual chivalry and personal salvation. The advice Lancelot receives from his series of monks and hermits shows readers the importance of confession and penance, but the author makes it clear that readers should not emulate Lancelots life of sin ... ...y responsible for our own salvation and neither shall the son have any part in his fathers guilt, nor the father answer for the sons transgressions (154). The author of The Quest of the Holy Grail addresses a significant num ber of spiritual and moral issues throughout his engaging story. His finish is to provide a guide to proper living in the eyes of God, and he successfully achieves this goal through the adventures of several very diverse knights of the Round Table who, through their victories and follies, show us the value of spiritual chivalry furthermore, if we have any additional questions concerning spirituality that are not addressed in The Quest of the Holy Grail, the author suggests that we may always seek out the guidance of our wise local anesthetic hermits.Work Cited The Quest of the Holy Grail. Trans. P. M. Matarasso. London Penguin Books, 1969.

Clinical Depression :: essays research papers

Clinical depression is very common. Over nine million Americans are diagnosed with clinical depression at some point in their lives. numerous more people suffer from clinical depression because they do not seek treatment. They may feel that depression is a personal weakness, or analyse to cope with their symptoms alone. On the other hand, some people are comfortable with admitting their symptoms and seeking abet. Such a discrepancy may account for the differences in describe cases of depression between men and women, which indicate that more than twice the numbers of women than men are clinically depressed. According to the numbers of reported cases of depression, 25% of women and 10% of men will have one or more episodes of clinical depression during their lifetimes.     The biologic basis of Clinical Depression originates in the head. Your brain is do up of a complex network of nerve cells, called neurons and of brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters transmit messages from one neuron to another. Two of these neurotransmitters are not produced in sufficient quantities in a depressed persons brain. Because of this lack, too few messages get transmitted between neurons and the symptoms of depression occur. In Clinical depression the chemicals in the brain are out-of-balance. New technology allows researchers to take pictures of the brain that show activity levels in the brain. These imaging techniques such as f-MRI and PET scan actually effect images of how active different parts of the brain are. Some studies with these kinds of techniques have suggested that the patterns of activation in the brains of depressed people are different than those who are not. These tests can help doctors and researchers learn more about depression and other mental illnesses. Since this research is fairly new, it is not yet used to diagnose clinical depression.Strong record suggests that clinical depression runs in families. Still, just because a person has family members with clinical depression does not guarantee that he or she will develop it. Similarly, you may get it even if no one else in your family has had it. People with high levels of stress are much more likely to develop depression that those who do not. Though most people go through a "down" period after a particularly stressful event like a divorce or death of a loved one, sometimes extremely difficult stresses can trigger depressive episodes in certain people who are nonimmune to the illness.

Lee Essay -- essays research papers

Robert E. lee side"They say you had to see him to believe that a man so fine could exist. Hewas handsome. He was clever. He was brave. He was gentle. He was generousand charming, noble and modest, admired and beloved. He had never failed atanything in his upright soldiers life. He was born a winner, this RobertE. Lee. debar for once. In the greatest contest of his life, in a warbetween the South and the North, Robert E. Lee lost" (Redmond). Through hislife, Robert E. Lee would prove to be endlessly noble, always a gentleman, andalways capable of overcoming the challenge lying before him. Robert Edward Lee was born on January 19, 1807 (Comptons). He was borninto one of Virginias most regard families. The Lee family had moved toAmerica during the mid 1600s. Some genealogist can trace the Lees rootsback to William the Conqueror. Two members of the Lee family had signed theDeclaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot. Charles Leehad served as attorney Gener al under the Washington administration whileRichard Bland Lee, had become one of Virginias leading Federalists.Needless to say, the Lees were an American Political dynasty (Nash 242).Lees vex was General enthalpy "Light-gymnastic horse Harry" Lee. He had been aheroic cavalry leader in the American Revolution. He married his cousinMatilda. They had four children, except Matilda died in 1790. On her death bedshe added insult to injury upon Henry Lee by leaving her estate to herchildren. She feared Henry would squander the family fortune. He was closelyknown for poor investments and schemes that had depleted his own familysfortune (Connelly 5).Henry Lee solved his financial problems by marrying Roberts mother AnneCarter, daughter of one of Virginias wealthiest men (Nash 242). Henry Leeeventually spent his family into debt. Their stately mansion, StratfordHall, was turned over to Roberts half brother. Anne Lee moved with herchildren to a simple brick house in Alexandria. Ligh t Horse Harry wasseldom around. Finally, in 1813 he moved to the West Indies. His self-exilebecame permanent, and he was never seen again by his family (Thomas).Young Robert had other family problems. His mother became very ill. At theage of twelve he had to shoulder the ... ...nd).------------------------------------------------------------------------Works CitiedBrasington, Larry, The American Revolution-an HTML project.Http//odur.let.rug.nlusa/B/relee/htm, 11/23/97.Brinkley, Alan, American History. New York McGraw-Hill, 1995.Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. figurer Software. Comptons NewMedia,Inc,1994.Connelly, Thomas L. The Marble Man. New York Knopf, 1977.Davis, Jefffers, The Papers.http//www.ruf ..edu/pjdavis/lee/htm, 11/6/97.Grimsley, Wayne. "The Differences Deepen." Starkville, MS, 11 Nov. 1997.(Class lecture delivered at Mississippi State University.)Kelly, Brian. Best Little Stories From The Civil War. Charlottesville, VAcapital of Vermont Publishing, 1996.Nash, Roderick, and Graves, Gregory. From These Beginnings. New YorkHarperCollins, 1995.National Park Service. Http//www.nps.gov/gwmp/arl_hse.html., 11/6/97.Redmond, Louis. He Lost a War and Won Immortality.Http//www-scf.usc.edu/herron nva.html, 11/6/97.Thomas, Emory. Robert E. Lee.Http//xroads.virginia.edu/CAP/LEE.lifle.html, 11/17/97.

Arthur Koestlers Darkness At Noon :: essays research papers

Arthur Koestler &8216Darkness at Noon&8217Revolutionary and governmental ethics&8216Darkness at Noon&8217 is the second novel of a trilogy, which revolves around the central theme of revolutionary ethics, and of political ethics in general the problem whether, or to what extent, a formal ends justifies ignoble means, and the related conflict between morality and expediency. The theme of the novel relates to the ever-present predicament faced by the leaders of any political party or revolutionary movement, from the slave revolt in the first century to the Old Bolsheviks of the nineteen thirties. Revolutionary ethics or the issues faced in revolutionary movements are timeless, and as an incentive to writing his novel, Arthur Koestler was troubled by this theory, and also by the regime of terror that was governed by Stalin this century. This issue of whether a noble end justifies ignoble means is the revolutionary predicament that Koestler refers to, and was the question that he aspi red to resolve.From the sixth hour until the ninth hour darkness came over all the land. close to the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice, &8216Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?&8217 &8211 which means, &8220My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?&8217 (Matthew 2745-46)Darkness at Noon is a fictional account of the truth behind the Stalinist State at the close of the infamous Moscow Show Trials in 1938, where forty-eight of the fifty-four on the executive of the Communist Party were dead. All members of the party knew that Lenin and Trotsky had been the real leaders of the Revolution and consequently they did not accept Stalin as the successor to Lenin. So accordingly, as Stalin was aware of the aspirations against him, as he consolidated power it became more dangerous to have known Lenin. The result of this was that over 70% of the Seventeenth Party Congress, which was held in 1934, had been arrested and executed in Stalin&8217s opinion, these people had outlived their usefuln ess. Through the thoughts and actions of the main character, Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov, an Old Bolshevik, the Soviet politics between 1917 and the Stalin era were outlined. The party&8217s transformation unrestrained Rubashov, as a member of the party, but he did not wish to be expelled, so he continued to work with the Party against his conscious. Rubashov did everything that was asked of him, and therefore in essence he was a loyal Party member.

Successful Professionals Essay -- Business

There are few particular(a)ly successful business professionals, for example, Michael dell and Andy Grove. Michael Dell was interested in computers at the really early age of 12 when, he issued his first product catalog. It was called, Dells Stamps..., (Krames, 2003). He eventually quit college because he had a dream. He created Dell Computer Corporation with a low investment and turned it into a multi-billion dollar Corporation. His theory was to market computers directly to his consumers to keep the cost of buying a computer, affordable. His product line has been enhanced to include handheld computers, storage, servers, and other services as well for all of your business and personal needs, (Dell.com). Andy Grove is another highly successful business professional who teaches at Berkeley in his spare time. Andy, along with a couple of colleagues, changed the industry of computers by inventing a silicon-based integrated circuit. Their partnership evolved to be a multi-billion dolla r corporation called Intel. It was very difficult for them in the beginning because demands kept changing. There were a lot of sacrifices made, but it increased the strength of the alliance in the long run. Both of these men made huge contributions not only to the computer world, but the business world as well. Michael Dell created peerless of the most highly acclaimed computer giants in the world, Dell Computers. By producing computers that the public wants and focusing on the consumer, Michael has sold billions of dollars in computers. He has listened to his consumers, which created a staggering fall of demand. Putting the customer first has always been one of his prioritie... ... and social club as a whole. They looked for short cuts to achieve their goals and followed their convictions. They have created powerful partnerships and built a company of owners that learn from their direct sources. They ha ve developed a philosophy that focuses on the customer while thriving on the change of the economy. Michael Dell is a strange salesman and Andy Grove is a terrific innovator, both of which lead to an enormous success. Combined, they make true superheroes. Works CitedKrames,J. A. (2003). Place the customer at the epicenter of the business model. In What the best CEOs know 7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business (pp. 55-77). Krames, J. A. (2003). Prepare the Organization for Drastic Change. In What the best CEOs know 7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business (pp. 131-152).

Successful Professionals Essay -- Business

There are few exceptionally successful business professionals, for example, Michael dingle and Andy orchard. Michael Dell was interested in computers at the very early age of 12 when, he issued his first product catalog. It was called, Dells Stamps..., (Krames, 2003). He eventually quit college because he had a dream. He created Dell Computer Corporation with a low investment and turned it into a multi-billion dollar Corporation. His theory was to market computers directly to his consumers to keep the price of buying a computer, affordable. His product line has been enhanced to include handheld computers, storage, servers, and other services as well for all of your business and personal needs, (Dell.com). Andy Grove is another extremely successful business professional who teaches at Berkeley in his spare time. Andy, along with a couple of colleagues, changed the industry of computers by inventing a silicon-based unified circuit. Their partnership evolved to be a multi-billion do llar corporation called Intel. It was very difficult for them in the beginning because demands kept changing. There were a lot of sacrifices made, but it change magnitude the strength of the company in the long run. Both of these men made huge contributions not only to the computer world, but the business world as well. Michael Dell created one of the most highly acclaimed computer giants in the world, Dell Computers. By producing computers that the public wants and focusing on the consumer, Michael has sold billions of dollars in computers. He has listened to his consumers, which created a staggering amount of demand. Putting the customer first has always been one of his prioritie... ... and company as a whole. They looked for short cuts to achieve their goals and followed their convictions. They have created powerful partnerships and built a company of owners that learn from their direct sources. They ha ve developed a philosophy that focuses on the customer while thriving on the change of the economy. Michael Dell is a fantastic salesman and Andy Grove is a terrific innovator, both of which lead to an enormous success. Combined, they make true superheroes. Works CitedKrames,J. A. (2003). Place the customer at the epicenter of the business model. In What the best CEOs live 7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business (pp. 55-77). Krames, J. A. (2003). Prepare the Organization for Drastic Change. In What the best CEOs know 7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business (pp. 131-152).

Othello Essay

In Shakespeares Othello, we clear the protagonist Othello being deceived due to his openness of nature and credulity. When Iago estimates Othellos function as follows, The moor is of a free and open nature, / Those thinks men honest merely describem to be so. / And will as tenderly be led by the nose/ As asses are. (II. i. 387-90). We see that it is this trait of his which strained his coincidenceship with his be discernd Desdemona. The great tragedy of Shakespeare, Othello, starts with a marriage which was establish on a very strong bond of have intercourse between Othello and Desdemona.From the early part of the play itself, it is evident that Othello has a slight feeling slightly his inferiority in terms of beauty and color. He substantiates this point by telling that instead of loving him for what he is, She loved me for the dangers I had passd, / And I loved her that she did pity them. (I. iii. 167-8) We see that through stunned the play, Othello is a victim of his own jealousy and Iagos betrayal. This gives way to a change in attitude to fightds his doll love- Desdemona. As a result, Desdemona, once the whole creative activity of Othello, became his most loved enemy who happened to die by his own hands.Hence we croup see that love in their relation reaches the highest point that even the lovers life is at the disposition of her make better half. That also as a victim of distrustful loyalty Desdemona is believed by him to be immersed in an affair with his trusted lieutenant, Cassio. To take advantage of the grains of suspicion in the mind of Othello about Desdemona, Iago sets the stage through her hankey. Othello is convinced by Iago that his fears about Desdemonas disloyalty towards him are beyond doubt by promising that he saw Desdemonas handkerchief with Cassio By Heaven, that should be my handkerchief (IV. . 147).It is here that we get the most evident proof of Othello towards his married womanhood as the love for his wife is well co nveyed by making it clear that he can not bear to live knowing that his wife has become a whore, Aye, let her rot, and perish, and be damned tonight, for she shall not live. (IV. i. 168). Thus a man, who was hailed for his royal lineage, his acquisition for adventure, his most efficient soldiership, his openness of nature and credulity, his modesty, and dignity stoops to the level of a murderer without any second thoughts.He did so because he loved his wife so dearly so that whether he lived or died, whether he maintained his reputation or not, vigor was of importance to him compared to his love for Desdemona. Here their relationship turns out to be ironic for it is difficult for a common man to think that one would murder someone for intense unblemished love. On the other hand, we see Desdemona forgetting her very self out of her self-effacing love and devotion for Othello.She idolized him, as she says I saw Othellos visage in his mind/ And to his recognize and his valiant part s/ Did I my soul and fortunes consecrate. (I. iii. 251-3). When she was charged with infidelity, and that her husband could not have done anything more unkind, she could only protest His unkindness may charge my life,/ But never taint my love. (IV. ii. 159-61). Her tactlessness that springs from her purity and innocence was what brought about her death. If she had imbibed the worldly maxims, which Emilia dispensed, she might have averted the disaster. She made a capital blunder in engaging herself to solicit for Cassio. She had not the remotest idea that her action might be misinterpreted. She did not realize it even at the visible displeasure of her lord.A woman of the world would have taken the hint, and pressed no more Cassios suit. Iago, in spite of himself, meant but the simple fairness when he said, She is of so free, so kind, so blessed a disposition, she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested. (II. iii. 298-9). Not till the last moment did th e truth break upon her mind that she had compromised herself by pleading for Cassio. It is the simplicity and purity of Othello and Desdemona, in all means that is exploited by Iago, who was trusted to the utmost by both, curiously Othello. Othellos life was always lived by faith, instead of right.Moreover, he was a man whose nature was passionate and high, generous in thought and ready in action. He considered all that is subtle and devious as dishonor, and as Desdemona understood about him, jealousy and suspicion was foreign to his nature. His life was always identified with his imperious trust in Desdemona. But when a person who was too honest to him throughout and a good friend full of experience, honor, devotion and delicacy to him, exhorted too vehemently that Desdemona is not at all honest to him and that she is having a very passionate love affair with Cassio, his innocence and purity forces him to believe it.Desdemona too is a victim to the darker shades of finer feelings like innocence, purity and simplicity. She is a saint who always stood firm for love, be it to her father or her husband. She firmly believes that there is nothing in this world that cannot be recovered by true love. Her answer concerning the fatal handkerchief, It is not lost but what an if it were? (II. iv. 79) shows she, most pathetically and with a unsubdivided innocence, endeavors to uphold the truth of her relation to her husband.If she had tried to reply to the accusation she was in, with harsh words, her angelic stature in the minds of those who loved her might have faltered. A cobblers last reading of the play substantiates the fact that Othello and Desdemona are the two most innocent people that ever existed. At first their relationship is romantic to the utmost but it takes a profane hue in course of time due to the lack of a perfect foundation for a relationship, by race, color, temper and character and hence we see an absence of trust, understanding and communication between the two. For Othello, the word battle is of foremost importance as he was a perfect soldier.We see him telling about himself Rude am I in my speech, / And little blessd with the soft phrase of peace / For since these arms of mine had seven years pith, / Till now some nine moons wasted, they have usd/ Their dearest action in the tented field/ And little of this great world can I speak/ More than pertains to feats of broils and battle. (I. iii. 81-7). In sharp contrast to this, we have Desdemona who is totally inexperienced in the ways of the world. It is Othellos war stories that infatuate her.Once she identifies his virility and manliness, she is taken aback with a mad love towards him. But it should be debated whether that is a solid base on which a relation should be built on. We see that though she speaks so fondly about him, her understanding about his nature is minimum. She defends her newly born love for Othello, in the following words, (among other things), My downri ght violence, and storm of fortunes, / May trumpet to the world. My hearts subdud / Even to the very quality of my lord. / I saw Othellos visage in his mind, / soul and fortune consecrate. (I. iii 248-253)Hence the whole play shows forth that it is innocence and purity that laid foundation to the failure of the relation between Othello and Desdemona who was renowned for the purity of love between them crossing all the barriers that were built by man. These good qualities, undoubtedly, turned fatal in their all comprehend love. We find Anthony Trollopes chick Anna an apt sequel to the relationship presented between Othello and Desdemona. In the above-said novel we have Daniel Thwaite, a tailor and his lover, later wife, Lady Anna, who belongs to the aristocracy. thither too we have Frederic instead of Cassio.In both these works we see that the people with whom the ladies are accused of having an illegitimate relation are far better and appropriate than their present spouses. This instills a feeling of inferiority in both the men and that is what takes the garb of jealousy and in course of time their intense love to their better halves become too bitter and lead them to much graver mistakes. Trollope, no doubt had Shakespeares Othello in mind, while he was drawing his caricatures of Lady Anna, Thwaite and Frederic to make them sequels to Desdemona, Othello and Cassio respectively.

Food Quality Essay

* Relates to excellent increase or services that fulfills or exceeds our expectations fodder whole tone * Includes every(prenominal) attributes that influence productions value to the consumers. This includes, veto attributes (e. g. despoilment, contamination with filth, discoloration, off odors & flavors Positive attributes (e. g. origin, color, flavor, texture and processing method utilise.-Food Quality is a term which may refer to several things the extent to which nutrition contains the nutrients that gybe the kind and quantity of the nutritional needs of the person consuming the nourishment the extent to which the feed is attractive in appearance & taste the extent to which food is let off from pathogenic bacteria & undesirable materials such as insecticides & antibiotic resi receivables, etc FOOD QUALITY 1. Composite of characteristics/ attributes which differs from one unit to another 2. Totality of features/ characteristics of a product that bear on its abili ty to satisfy a given need Needs Safety Usability Availability Economics.Maintainability Environment Reliability 3. Uniformity, consistency and uniformity to a given standard or specifications 4. A statement of what the user wants & what the even outr can provide 5. Fitness for use, satisfaction level of costumers different Ways of Describing Quality 1. Fast selling brand of a food product might be labeled as Extra Special Quality 2. Products that are sold abroad may be termed as Export Quality 3. Some consumers may gauge quality in terms of brand popularity 4. From the large producers point of view, quality may mean product reliability.Sm on the whole manufacturers reliability may not be a guardianship, their concern is more on sell of the products. 5. In a sellers marketplace situation, product availability means quality Quality of Food is establish on the following 1. Raw material the quality of unblemished product is dependent on the quality of raw material 2. Sensory q uality food quality detectable by our senses can be categorized into 3 appearance texture flavor 3. Microbiological quality raw material and products should be free from toxin-producing microorganism QUALITY CONTROL Is Doing Things Right.THE FIRST TIME AND EVERYTIME Quality verify can also be defined as a. maintenance of specified finished product characteristics every time it is manufactured b. efficient control of raw material and of production process c. object of quality control is to produce a quality which satisfies the consumers as cheap as possible can be delivered in time to meet delivery requirement d. is the function or appealingness of duties which must be exerciseed throughout an organization in order to achieve its quality objectives Stages of Quality Control 1. Set the specifications.a. Exactly what the customer or market expects b. Price at which product can be sold c. Delivery date d. Capability of equipment/ machines e. Capability of available inspection a nd test equipment 2. Prepare to manufacture a. Decide how to process the product b. Decide what equipment to use c. Specify the quality of raw materials and possible suppliers d. The in-line personnel e. Plan inspection and in-process quality control 3. existing Processing/ Manufacture 4. Correction of quality defects 5. Provide long-term quality control planning Defects in Foods Defect. perceptible deviation from product specs that makes product less fit, or unfit for consumption the lack of just aboutthing essential or required or an imperfection can occur singly or as a composite of several deviations Sources 1. Raw material biological clay that deteriorates over time. 2. Personnel staffs commitment to their work and their ability to perform their task well. 3. In-process problems quality loss due to poor understanding of processing methods and use of inadequate machines due to lack of staff training Evidences of Defects Prevention design 1.Quality raw materials 2. Reduc tion of processing losses 3. Drop in the volume of rejects What is HACCP? * Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * Prevention-based food safety system * A systematic approach to the identification, assessment of fortune, and severity and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice (US FDA CFSAN, 2000) Two Important Terms * HAZARDS * CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HAZARDS * Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may pose an un pleasing consumer health risk. * 3 study hazards.* Biological * Chemical * Physical -Biological Hazards * These organisms are commonly associated with humans and with raw products entering the food manufacturing facility. * Bacteria, foodborne viruses, parasites * Examples * Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus * Hepatitis A and Norwalk Viruses * Trichinella -Chemical Hazards * Chemical contaminants may be naturally occurring or may be added during the processing of the food. * Naturally Occurring Chemicals * Toxins from molds (aflatoxin) * Allergenic P decomposition reactioneins * Added Chemicals * Agricultural chemicals * industrial chemicals.* Ingredients Flavors enhancers, colors, preservatives -Physical Hazards * Foreign and extraneous materials * Foreign Materials * Anything that does not naturally occur in the food material * Hair, fingers (fingernails), plastic, metal filings, jewelry, gum etc. * Extraneous Materials * Anything that naturally occurs in the food but should not be there * Pits, seeds, peel, stems Critical Control Points * CCPs * Process steps in specific food systems in which loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk 7 Principles of HACCP 1. Identify hazards in the system 2.Determine critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish check procedure 7. Establish record keeping and documentation procedures Good Manufacturing Prac tices (GMP) set of sanitary guidelines and control for compliance to assure safety and wholesomeness of foods. Concerns 1. Personnel 2. Plant and suit 3. Sanitary operation 4. Sanitary facilities and control 5. Equipment and utensils 6. Process and control Cleaning and Sanitization Cleaning an operation that will remove at least 90% of the soil or dirt.Sanitization application of sanitizers Sanitation over-all cleanliness of the surroundings or anything that surrounds the food Steps a. remove the debris b. pre-rinse c. application of cleaning aids d. send off rinse e. sanitizing rinse FOOD SPOILAGE / DETERIORATION Food Spoilage/Deterioration -Includes losses in organoleptic desirability, nutritional value, safety and aesthetic appeal of the food -Food is subject to physical, chemical and biological deterioration, which go hand in hand Causal Factors -Temperature (heat and cold) * Oxygen * Moisture * Light & radiation * Time.* Natural food enzymes * Micro- and macro- organisms * Industrial contaminants * Some foods in the presence of other foods In general, deterioration is slowed down when the food is low in moisture, high in salt/sugar or acid Shelf-life and Dating of Foods Shelf-life is the time it takes a product to decline to an acceptable level time a product remains saleable MAQ minimum acceptable quality for the product must be defined by the manufacturers or retailers Actual length of shelf-life is dependent on a number of factors 1. processing methods 2. advancement.3. computer storage conditions Dating provides consumers some indication of the shelf-life or freshness of the products they buy Type of code dates include * date of manufacture (pack date) * date the product was displayed (display date) * date by which the product should be sold (sell by date) * last date of maximal quality ( opera hat used date) * date beyond which the product is no longer acceptable (use by date or expiration date) major Causes of Food Deterioration -often the following factors do not operate in isolation -as such, effective preservation must eliminate or minimize all of these factors in a given food to prevent/minimize deterioration 1.Growth activities and activities of microorganisms Bacteria, yeasts, molds Microbial growth curve * Conditions necessary for microorganisms to grow * Source * Food residue * Moisture * Time * Temperature * Invasion of microorganisms is due to contamination which can be avoided by sanitary practices and proper processing procedures and packaging * Not all microorganisms can cause disease or food spoilage, others are useful for food processing * Food borne diseases special kind of deterioration that may or may not alter a foods organoleptic properties 2. Infestation by insects, parasites and rodents.* Insects destroy 5-10% annual grain crops (US), in other countries (50%) * Parasites Examples of Parasites * Trichinella spirallis, enters hogs eating raw food wastes nematodes, penetrates hog intestines and find way into the pork Entamoeba histolytica, parasite associated to raw human excrement and can infect crops when raw human excrement is used as fertilizer -can cause amoebic dysentery * Rodents can consume large quantities of foods and they can contaminate food by filth they carry can pervade diseases like Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Typhoid fever Plague 3.Activities of food enzymes and other chemical reactions within food itself * food enzymes are natural in healthy, uninfected foods * action at law is intensified right after harvest * activity is sometimes desirable * can be inactivated by heat, chemicals and irradiation, etc. 4. Inappropriate temperatures (heat and cold) for a given food * heat and cold can cause deterioration if not controlled 10-38C (normal working temperature) * excessive heat denatures protein, breaks emulsion, dries out food by evaporation and destroys vitamins * rampant cold FAV are frozen discoloration, changes in texture. can break emulsion such as in milk denatures milk protein chill injury 5. either the gain or loss of moisture Aw and Moisture Content (needed by microorganisms for growth and by different chemical reactions) 6. Reaction with oxygen * can cause chemical oxidation of nutrients, colors, flavors * required for growth of some microorganisms * can be excluded by vacuum packaging, addition of oxygen scavengers 7. Light * can destroy some vitamins (riboflavin, A and C) deteriorates many food colors * in milk can cause sunlight flavors (induced fat oxidation and changes in CHON) * Can be minimise by opaque packaging 8.Time * quality decreases with time * object is to maintain and capture freshness of foods * to prolong shelf life adequate processing, packaging and storage Spoilage of Different Kinds of Foods 1. Bread Mold results in discoloration of the bread Ropiness well-situated and sticky to touch, caused by sporeforming bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis 2. beloved * high sug ar(70-80%) and acidic (pH= 3. 2-4. 2) * chief cause of spoilage Zygosaccharomyces mellis 3. Candy * not subject to microbial spoilage (high sugar and low MC) * except chocolate with soft centers (burst and may explode), cause by Clostridium spp.4. Fruits and Vegetables * spoilage due to physical factors, action of their enzymes, microbial action or combination of these agents * microbial spoilage may be due to plant pathogen and/or saprophytic microorganisms * general face of spoilage * bacterial soft rot (Erwinia caratova) * gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) * rhizopus rot (Rhizopus nigricans) * anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) * blue mold rot (Penicillium) * black mold rot (Aspergillus niger) 5. Fruit Juices * acidic (pH 2. 4-4. 7), all contain sugars (2-17%) * molds.* alcohol fermentation 6. Sauerkraut * inferior quality due to abnormal fermentation high temp low temp too long fermentation * surface spoilage (destroy the acidity, permit other microorganisms to grow, s oftening, darkening and unspeakable flavors) 7. Fresh Eggs * Defects cracks, leaks, dirty spots on the exterior (will favor spoilage on storage) * Changes caused by microorganisms during storage * commons rot (Pseudomonas fluorescens) giving green color of the egg white * colorless rot (various microorganisms) yolk is affected 8. Meat and Meat Products.* raw core enzyme, microorganisms, oxidation of fats * beef moderate heart of autolysis is desired to tenderize it, excessive autolysis (souring) * general principles * Factors influencing invasion of tissues by microorganisms * load in the gut of the brute * physiological condition of the animal before slaughter * method of killing and bleeding Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in meat * kind and amount of microorganisms * physical properties of meat (exposed area, grinding) * chemical properties of the meat (MC, protein, CHO, pH).* availability of oxygen * temperature General types of spoilage in meat * aerobic con dition * surface slime (Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Micrococcus) * surface discoloration (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus/Flavobacterium) * oxidation of fats * stickiness (molds) * face fungus (Thamnidium elegans, Mucor mucedo) * anaerobic condition * putrefaction, souring Cured meats addition of nitrates inhibit growth of microorganisms, spoilage same with fresh if stored improperly 9. Fish and Other Seafoods.* spoiled by autolysis, oxidation or bacterial activity * factors influencing spoilage * kind of seek flat fish vs. round fish, fatty fish deteriorates faster * condition of fish when caught exhausted spoil rapidly * kind and extent of contamination of the fish flesh with bacteria * temperature * use of an antibiotic ice or dip evidences of spoilage * brightness fades and dirty, yellow discoloration appears * slime on the fish increases * eyes gradually sink * gills light pink to grayish yellow * softening of the flesh.* g rowth of off-colors 10. Poultry * chief source of spoilage bacteria * bacterial growth takes place on the surface and any cut surfaces and the decomposition products diffuse easily into the meat * off-odor is noted when the bacterial count is at 2. 5 x 106 cfu/cm2 * Psuedomonas and Achromobacter * Micrococcus, Flavobacterium and Achromobacter * Surface of skin becomes slime, acid/sour odor 11. Milk Chief type of spoilage * Souring or acid formation * Gas production * Proteolysis * Ropiness * Surface or throughout the milk.

Public school vs. cyber school Essay

Did you know you gift more choices today about where your electric shaverren attend earth figure? There is more to common schools than just the traditional brick and mortar schools you attended in past decades. Cyber schools are essentially public schools where bookmans attend school full- snip online at home or where ever they have an internet connection. Technology has made it easier than ever sooner to educate your tiddler at home. According to NATIONAL CENTER FOR direction STATISTICS (2013). From school year 1999-2000 to 2010-2011, the number of students enrolled in public charter schools change magnitude from 0.3 million to 1. 8 million students.During this period, the percentage of all public schools that were public charter schools increased from 2 to 5 percent, comprising 5,300 schools in 2010-2011. (Charter School Enrollment). Students have started to attend Cyber School because of a variety of reasons including social anxieties, peer pressure, students who are un der stimulated with curriculum, students coffin nail in classes, and bullying. If you are saying to yourself that stuff like this only authorises in middle and high school, you are kidding yourself.Bullying and Peer Pressure also happen at the elementary level. At third category the main reason my nephew left public school was because of being bullied. He was the subject of humiliation, when an older student forcefully made him take chewing tobacco and put it in his mouth and keep it there until he got sick in front of different kids. This instance alone was enough for my sister and brother-in-law to pull their son out of public school and begin to Cyber School him at home. It is something like this that makes parents stop and figure if traditional public statement is the right choice.Families deciding the best option of a public education or cyber school for elementary children need to conservatively consider the learning environment, their parental involvement and the academ ic benefits. The learning environment in which children learn is a determining factor as to whether a child should attend Cyber School or be sent to a traditional brick and mortar school. Public school teachers have classrooms full of fifteen to twenty-five students to bid attention to, which means your child is not puffting the proper instruction they need to learn at their best and could lead to your child falling behind.I have seen this with my son who is in first grade, when he comes home I ask him what he learned. His response is I dont know. Every darkness we work on homework and he struggles to do simple math facts and with reading sight words (words that students are expected to know in the grade they are in). After the first marking period my husband and I had a parent teacher conference with his teacher and I asked how he was doing in class and was concerned with his math and reading skills not being at the appropriate level.Her response was Well he is slow at processi ng breeding and it takes a long time for him to devil his worksheets done, we have to move on. At this point in the conference I am thinking I could do a better job teaching him at home. I do not want my son to go unnoticed and fall through the cracks of the public education system and be promoted through grade levels because the teachers are too busy to stop and make sure every child understands the material before moving on.Students who stay at home to learn are in their home where it is a primarily safe and secure environment. Children do not have to deal with the peer pressure, bullying, worry about what clothes to wear or being in the right cliques. With Cyber School your child accentes on doing school work and advancing their education. A child enrolled in Cyber School can be just that- a child, and this alone will pull your child the opportunity to focus on what he or she is learning that day.Some children are more productive and have better learning experiences when in the right environment whether it be at home where they can get individual attention or in a large classroom full of noisy children trying to get the teachers attention. Parents have a choice in how involved they want to be with their childs education. A public school teacher oversees the daily efforts of the students and parents get reports only if the student is failing or at report card time.Public school parents can be involved in other ship canal like supporting with homework or help study for a test be there for plays, concerts and activities and talk to the teacher and see what areas you can help your child achieve. While some parents want and need to work, making it so they have less time to spend being involved in their childrens education other parents want that hands on approach to ensure their childs success. Parents involvement in their childs education is crucial in Cyber School while in public education you are leaving your childs education up to the teacher.A parent would need to manage their childs schedule, ensure child is completing work at a reasonable pace, while leaving the instructional experience to the teacher. Parents who square off to home school their children should find a way to integrate social aspects into their childs daily structure such as, sign language him up for sports teams or community clubs like Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts and Girls Scouts with other children his age. This way students will be able to benefit from the social aspects, which are requisite at every age.Parental involvement is important for the success in any childs education whether in public school or in Cyber School. There are academic benefits to both public school and Cyber School where public school students learn valuable social skills by attend classes with others their own age. The social interaction between children and between children and teachers give children the ability to learn to socialize rise up with other students and make friends. Childr en are taught at an archeozoic age to work together and problem-solve in groups with other children.Public education is a one-size-fits-all approach to education, teachers are to slow down the pace of their instruction to allow to the slowest students in the classroom, even though these are the ones that are sometimes overlooked. My neighbors son was overlooked, because when they tested him for Cyber School, they found he was actually not performing well in math. His test score was a whole grade level below where he should have been. With enrolling him in Agora Cyber Charter School he is able to get more help in the subject areas he needs to improve upon.By enrolling your child in Cyber School you are your childs learning coach, by partnering with the teacher to ensure daily progress and academic achievement. Having your child learn at home with Cyber School will give him/her the individualized attention that the large class sizes in public schools fail to offer. An individualized curriculum will be one that is tailored to your childs needs, learning style, and strengths and weaknesses. According to Agora Cyber Charter School (2014), Agoras individualized approach means your child can go as quick or slow as he needs to.Cyber school students move at their own pace and have the ability to focus more time on harder subjects where needed. If a student has problems in addition facts but excels in telling time and counting money then the student can open as much time as needed to develop those skills therefore, the benefits of Cyber School leave no weak points in the childs education. A ratiocination whether to enroll your child in a cyber school or a traditional brick and mortar school involves many factors. Parents must carefully weigh these benefits and decide how important each of these points is to them when making their decision.Both public schools and Cyber schools hold specific and helpful opportunities for children to learn. Every parent should decide what is best for their childs education as each child is a unique individual, and their education should be just as unique as them. Works Cited NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS. (2013). The Condition of Education. Retrieved from http//nces. ed. gov/programs/coe/indicator_cgb. asp Agora Cyber Charter School. (2014). K-8 Curriculum. Retrieved from http//www. k12. com/agora/curriculum/k-8. UxorwDiPLnM.

James Wong Howe Essay

HOWE, JAMES WONG (1898-1975), photographer, cinematographer. Howe was born in Canton, China, in 1898 and came to the State of capital of the United States in 1904 with his parents. His original name was Wong Tung Jim, which he continued to use until 1922. He is recognized for his great camera work in the United States and for obstetrical delivery new, revolutionary techniques to the camera world. Among his best known photographic innovations are the use of the wide-angle lens, deep focus, and ceilinged sets to give the claustrophobic feeling of being on board ship.In 1947 he was also one of the first cameramen to use a hand-held camera. In his innovative methods of characterisationing he used roller skates and wheelchairs. Because of his tasteful and revolutionary techniques Howe won Oscars for the films The Rose Tatoo and Hud in 1957 and 1963, respectively. His other acclaimed films include Come Back Little Sheba, The Last Angry Man, and The Old Man and the Sea. (Hyung-Chan Kim, 1986) Howe arrived in the States aged five and grew up in Pasco, Washington.Short (51) but stocky, he trained as a boxer and fought professionally as a teenager, but he was bascinated by photography Making his way to Los Angeles, he landed a job with DeMilles unit at the Lasky Studios and worked his way up to camera assistant. Howe owed his breakthrough to a happy change. Assigned to shoot stills of the star Mary Miles Minter, he delighted her by making her eyes appear dark. (The orthochromatic film of the time lightened blue eyes into blankness. ) Puzzled at first, Howe realized that dreary velvet drapes behind him had created the effect.Minter insisted he should shoot all her films, and rumours spread that she had merchandise her own Chinese cameraman who hid behind black velvet to work his magic. Howe was soon widely in demand. Luckily, the magician had more than one trick up his sleeve. Imaginative and experimental, Howe was neer content to rely on accepted techniques. He bel ieved that a good cinematographer should be willing to gamble a dinky more. The normal thing is not really interesting its the unusual and sometimes even accidental things that are. Right to the end of his carrier he went on taking chances.Reacting against the flat, shadowless photography preferred by his directors. Howe set about exploring the creation of mood through the camera. To suggest the fantasy world of Peter Pan (1924) he used low-key lighting (a technique which for a while became so characteristic that he gained the nickname Low-Key Howe). He seized eagerly on devices to amplify camera mobility Mantrap (1926) was one of the first films to make extensive use of dolly-short. When sound it Hollywood Howe was in China trying to set up a film to direct.The project fell through, and when he returned to America he found himself tagged silent-era. Work was scarce until Howard Hawks chose him for The Criminal Code (1930). This earned him a ii year contract with Fox where he l ent The Power and the Glory (1933), a tycoons life-saga, a quasi-newsreel look that may have influenced rise ups Citizen Kane (1941). There followed a stint at MGM, creating dark, opulent interiors for Manhattan Melodrama (1934) and The Thin Man (1934), but Howe came under constant pressure from Cedric Gibbons, the studios founding head, to over-light.Quitting, he visited England, where deuce costume dramas, Fire over England (1936) and Under the Red Robe (1937). Were flattered by his warm, romantic treatment. Returning to Hollywood, Howe freelanced for a while. The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) and Algiers (1938), moody and atmospheric, muggins the culmination of his 1930s black and white work The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938) was his first color feature Rejecting the brash tones beloved of Technicolor, Howe went for subdued, earthy colors suitable the poor rural setting, to the alarm of Technicolors house cameraman Wilfred Cline.Howe simply ignored Cline, and was banned from Tech nicolor films for the next twelve years. In 1938 Howe signed with Warners. The studio style, farinaceous and downbeat, should have suited his penchant for realism, but in the event he found Warners as restrictive as MGM. Their cut-price, fast-shooting methods outraged the perfectionist Howe, who liked to prepare meticulously and take time to get things right. (Esther Mikyung Ghymn, 2000)Even so he achieved some fine work often in an expressionistic vein all full(prenominal) contrast and oppressive shadows to match melodramas like Kings Row (1942) or Passage to Marseille (1944), besides the near-documentary look of Air Force (1943) and Objective Burma (1945). Released from Warners, the ex-boxer captured some sweatily vivid strife scenes for Body and Soul (1947) by having himself pushed round the ring on roller-skates. For the rest of his career Howe freelanced.Most of his colour films date from this period, from the picture-book fantasy of Bell, Book and Candle (1958) to the tra nquil subterranean shades of The Molly Maguires (1969). There was never a uniform Howe look the style, he insisted, whould conform to the story, but he preferred black and white, and his late masterpieces are all in monochrome Hud ( 1962), with its flat white Texan skies the tormented distortions of Seconds ( 1966) and the slick, glitzy night world of Sweet Smell of Success ( 1957). Howe was never easy to work with.Tireless and dedicated, he demanded equal dedication from his crews and, perhaps in reaction to the racial slurs he suffered all his life, adopted an autocratic get along that risked alienating colleagues. Given an inexperienced director Howe would virtually take over, sometimes to the point of directing the actors, and even strong directors knew better than to cross him. But some doubted that whatever he did was for the sake of the story nor that he was, as Alexander Mackendrick put it, quite simply, the best.As stated earlier, Chinese Americans physical sort alone h as rendered them unassimilable throughout American history. Compounding this first barrier are the culture-specific traits of language, food, custom, and value. Popular presses continue to stigmatize Asian Americans as model minorities, which means that disdain prejudice, this group has made it so others should follow suit and not complain. The reality is that visible Asians experience glass ceilings in the workplace and tuning out by whites in interpersonal communications. (David A. Cook, 1996)Success, for Asian Americans at least, does not readily dictate the ethnic persons cultural identity. This was what Frank Chin realized when he interviewed an award-winning Chinese American cinematographer and director From greeting us in the oldest homeliest Sze Yup Cantonese Id heard since Chinatown old James Wong Howe was a Chinaman. He took us out for Chinese food and ordered for everyone like a Chinaman. He got along with whites, was the genius of the most American art Hollywood movies and had two Oscars without losing any of his Chinese language, culture, or taste. (Vincent LoBrutto, 1999)

Chromatography

Student name Amal Al-HamdaniT severallyer name Alia AlfiGroup name 2Year 2018Chromato graphyisa somatogenetic methodused in labforseparation ofa mixture of chemical substance substances into its individual components, so that the individual components can be thoroughly analyzed.it has numerous applications inbiologicalandchemicalfields.itis widely used inbiochemicalresearch for the separation and identification ofchemical compoundsof biological origin.Chromatographyconsists of cardinalphasea unsettled phase(a liquid or a gas), whichf secondarys throughthestationaryphase, and astationaryphase(a solid) .the stationary phase has certain sensual and chemical characteristic that allow it to interact in various ways with different compound .A common types ofstationaryphaseare ion permutation chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, liquid Chromatographyetc.Gas ChromatographyGas Chromatography(GC)or,gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)is a usefultooltechniquethat, allows us to sepa post and identify individual components in the mixture. too, Gas Chromatographycan judge the concentrationof various components in the mixture for takes that have volatilecomponentsand,separate mixtureby adherence to a get hold.Method 3590925369570000 A gas chromatograph uses a flow-through narrow tube known as the tug, through which different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stream ( common carrier gas, mobile phase) at different rates dep caning on their various chemical and physical properties and their fundamental interaction with a specific column filling, called the stationary phase. As the chemicals exit the end of the column, they are detected and identified electronically.The function of the stationary phase in the column is to separate different components, causing each one to exit the column at a different time (retention time). Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of retention are the carrier gas flow rate, For exampl e, internal standards it is commonly used way inGas Chromatography to calculatetheconcentration of an analyte. for any particular detector, the relative response component for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards must be determined first. calibrating the linearity of the response factor for theanalyte comparedto theinternal standards requires making a series of the solutions with the same concentration of the standards, and a vary concentration of analyte.Plotting the response of the analyze relative to the standard (peak area of analyte/peak area of standards) versus the concentration of the analyte relative to the standard (analyte/ standard) should produce a straight -line graph whose slope in the response factor.C+O2? CO2 +heatThis is a fast answer and there a lot of physical method to slow down and fall by the wayside fast chemical reactions for exampleReducing the temperature at which a reaction occurs i.e. cool things down.adding a reagent which will react with the remaining reactantUsing reagents that have a small surface area i.e. the substance is in large lumps.Using a catalyst the right catalyst can slow down the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs.The rate of reaction for a concentrated strong acid with a concentrated strong base is most affected by what leash things the use of a catalyst, a change in temperature, a change in reactant concentration.We are going to use temperature temperature normally speed the reaction and it also slow it down by lowering the it because the rate and the temperature has a Positive relationship so if temperature is high the reaction speed increase and if the temperature is low the reaction speed decrease and that is according tovant Hoffs law,an increase in temperature will cause an increase in the rate of an endothermic reaction.The effect of the temperature can be explained by the fact that increasing temperature will move the particles at higher speeds and the impact of the collisions leading to the interaction is large, which increases the speed of the reactionand also, at higher temperatures, higher percentages of collisions produce a chemical reaction because higher percentages of molecules have greater velocity, and enough energy is available to react.Explanatory examples tell the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reaction rateIncreased temperature succors to speed the maturity of food.Increasing the pressure in the pressure vessels leads to an increase in temperature inside the so the food is cooked very quickly.Keeping food in the refrigerator help not to spoil it because the temperature of the refrigerator is low, and this leads to a decrease in the speed of geochemical reactions that cause food corruption.The temperature change in the chemical balanced reaction, leading to the interaction in the oppo state of affairs kick, which cancels the effect of this change Interpretation In the case of heat-reactive reactionsI-Reduce the temperatureThe interactio n is facilitated in the direction that reduces the effect of lowering the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect), ie, the reaction in the direction that causes the increase in temperature is the random directionII-when raising the temperature.The interaction in the direction that reduces the effect of raising the temperature (which reduces the effect of this effect) is facilitated by the interaction in the direction that causes the temperature reduction and is the reverse direction So, in the reaction I did chose it is a exoergic so when we raising the temperature it will slow down the reaction because it is exothermic and when it dose slow down the molecules in the reaction will be slower in moving and the collisions and if it was endo thermic the oppo office will happen. And we cannot calculate the rate law because it is experimentally calculated so we can only write the rate low for the reaction C+O2? CO2 +heat Rate lowReferencesPage 1 Gas Chromatography. Linde AG . Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Harris, Daniel C. (1999).24. Gas Chromatography. Quantitative chemical digest (Chapter) (Fifth ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. pp.675712. ISBN0-7167-2881-8.Page 2ChromatographySearch the web. Some interesting sites are listed below. no.e that some of these sites go into much(prenominal) more depth than is reasonable for this course. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chromatography http//ull. chemistry. uakron. edu/analytical/Chromatography/ http//orgchem. affectationado. edu/hndbksupport/tender loving care/TLC. html this is for TLC similar to piece of music http//users. rcn. com/jkimball. ma. ultranet/BiologyPages/C/Chromatography_paper. html http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modules/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. htm http//jchemed. chem. wisc. edu/JCESoft/Programs/CPL/Sample/modules/paprchrom/paprchromdesc. tm This site shows the colors of many of the food colorings and lakes http//www. dynemic. com/food%20colour. htm This site has colors and correct names for many of the colors. You can get the structures from the names with CRC or a good organic chemist. http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/lrd/colorfac. html this is a general site with information on food colorings discusses difference among dyes and lakes Procedure Extract the color from the candies 1. Label each of the beakers with one color of the dulcorate. 2. Place one sample in each cup. 3. Put as few drops of water as possible (around 5) in each cup. 4.Stir carefully to extract as much color as possible without disturbing the white finale or the centre of the candy. 5. Remove the sample as soon as the white coating appears. 6. Add each sample in turn to its appropriate cup until as much color has been extracted as possible. no.e Repeat the steps for each kind of candy. Be sure to include the color and kind of candy on your label. Prepare chromatogram 1. Cut a piece of ch romatography paper in half to form a rectangle with dimensions 10 cm x 20 cm. 2. Draw a line approximately 1 cm from the long edge of the paper with a pencil. 3. Mark dots along the pencil line approximately 1-1. cm apart and label as food dye colors yellow, green, blue, and red. Mark two additional dots for your choice of two different colored candies. 4. Using a toothpick, carefully wet the spots you have marked with the appropriate food color or the color extracted from your candy. As the spots dry, rewet them with more sample until you have a dark spot. (If you do not load enough sample onto the chromatographic paper it will be difficult to detect the spots. ) 5. Curl the paper into a cylinder with the short edges just touching and staple together. 6. Place the chromatogram into a beaker with approximately ? m of dissolving agent on the bottom. Be sure that the entire lower edge of the chromatogram is touching the solvent, but the solvent does not reach in a higher place the pencil line. Allow the chromatogram to sit in the beaker until the solvent front is 1 cm from the top of the paper and remove. Draw a line at the solvent front with your pencil. 7. Repeat this process for any additional solvents you wish to use. Analysis of chromatogram. 1. Circle each spot that you see on the chromatogram. 2. measure the distance between the starting point and the center of the spot for each component on your chromatogram 3. easure the distance between the starting point and the solvent front on your chromatogram 4. seem the Rf value for each component. 5. Draw conclusions regarding the identity of each component in the chromatogram. 6. Propose reasons why different components had higher or lower Rf values based on the structures below and your knowledge of intermolecular forces. Colors ProductRed ictericGreenBlue Crown Colony KitBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40Yellow 5 Yellow 6Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Crown Colony SinglesRed 40Yellow 5 Red 40Blue 1 DurkeeBlue 1 Red 3 Red 40Yello w 5Blue 1 Yellow 5Blue 1 McCormickRed 3 Red 40Yellow 5Yellow 40Blue1 Yellow 5Blue 1 Red 40 FDA Certifiable colors (name/common name) NameCommon nameComment FD&C Blue No. 1Brilliant Blue FCF FD&C Green No. 3Fast Green FCF FD&C Red No. 3Erythrosine FD&C Red No. 40Allura Red AC . It usually comes as a sodium salt, but can be also in the form of calcium and potassium salt. It is soluble in water. FD&C Yellow No. 5Tartrazine FD&C Yellow No. 6Sunset Yellow FCF Questions 1. Does the type of solvent used for paper chromatography affect the Rf values of the food dyes? 2. Which dye molecules were in your candy coating? 3. If the solvent front moved 112 mm and a component of a mixture moved 48 mm

Salinas V. Texas Essay

FactsTwo brothers were shot and killed in their home. Police recovered shotgun shells that led them to canvass the petiti unrivalledr. The petitioner handed over his gun and agreed to go to the police station for questioning. The petitioner answered all of the questions the police had, but when it came to the question about the shells unified the petitioners gun he went silent. So the police asked a few more questions to which the petitioner answered. The petitioner did not testify at the trial, so the prosecutor apply his silence as evidence of guilt.Procedural HistoryPetitioner was convicted of murder and sentenced to 20 years. This was directly sent to the Texas State Court of Appeals who rejected the argument. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals took up the case and affirmed the same judgment.IssueWas the petitioners Fifth Amendment right violated when prosecutors used his silence as evidence of guilt, when he was not in custody and had not had his Miranda rights read to him? Holding/RuleNo, because the petitioner did not express that he wanted to invoke his privilege to stay silent, and not testify. ReasoningNeither of the two recognized exceptions to the invocation requirement applies here. One is that a petitioner is not required to take the stand and assert the privilege against self-incrimination at his own trial. The other is that a witness failure to invoke the privilege may be excuse where government coercion made his forfeiture of the privilege involuntary. It is undisputed the petitioners interview with the police was voluntary. He admitted that he was free to die at any time, so nothing prevented him from saying he refused to answer the polices questions. The third exception was not even considered, because the requirement for this one would be the witness would remain silent and decline to give an answer that the officerswould suspect incriminating.

Maths Research and budgeting

Starr full judgment of conviction earning $17. 50/hrs working 40 hours a week with a net Income of $32, 841. I need to buy a rail auto wealth my price range to make sure I can get to work on time. Starr is approximately km away from home so driving to and from work give approximately be km a day. Working 5 days a week in total I will be traveling km.I choose a 2014 Mediumistic Mirage Sport LA that costs $9,990 because it is fuel efficient, runs well, parts are easy to find and reasonably cheap, I eve Mediumistic and the look of this particular car, I have friends that own this car and they say It Is the most reliable car they have ever owned, It Is small exactly has lots of room with a massive boot space which is 235 liters (plenty of room for the shopping it is easier to park into tight spots and has the power of a sports vehicle.The car has a USB port inbuilt to the stereo, Bluetooth for hands free phone calls, CD player, MPH/ AX compatible, ABS, cup holders, power windows, 5 s tar UNCAP rating and 6 airbags or added safety. It comes with 5 years warranty or 130,000 kilometers and 5 years road locating assistance. This mirage is a 5 speed manual hatch back, 5 doors, and 5 starter car. Its a front wheel drive with a 3 cylinder 1. AL petrol engine, the rims are steel and tire size is 195/65 ROR and diameter being xx, it is silver in color.The approximate cost of running this vehicle will be $69 per smokes. At current petrol prices it will cost some $51 to fill the tank at 35 liters. Driving to and from work at bout skims per week will cost round $14 in fuel, adding in weekend driving at well-nigh skims for Saturday and Sunday it should only cost me $21 a week in fuel. adaption for this vehicle for 12 months will cost about $1200 with green slip being $578, pink slip $35 and registration approximately $530. Comprehensive indemnification will cost $64. 0 per month going through Budget Direct as the insurer. Maintaining this car with a full divine service every smokes for 12 months will cost $750 if taken to a mechanic but If you know what youre doing when servicing a car you can buy the arts and do the service yourself at a much lower price. The cost of running this car per year will cost $3,816 without any unexpected repairs or failures. My other expenses entangle rent being $70 per week, food costing around $50 per week, entertainment $100, savings account $50, and miscellaneous $50.I have learnt that this type of car is germane(predicate) for my situation as it is, very affordable, economic and efficient. It comes with the 5 year warranty so if anything went wrong in the first 5 years its not a cost that I would have to deal with. It has low carbon emissions, which makes it better for the environment and knowing that I have the 5 year road side assistance for the next 5 years gives me piece of mind that I will not be stranded and late for work.This assignment has taught me that shopping around Is an Important factor as you need to consider reliability, affordability and economics not just looks. You can find bargains out there and it can take time but if you make the right purchase you will never regret spending your entire savings on a brand new car as I ill have it for a longer period of time and is reasonably cheap to maintain.I did enjoy this assignment as I learnt about budgeting, how to research what car would be right for my Immediate and future needs, efficiency, fuel consumption and carbon the following cardioids. Com. AU Redbook. Com. AU gummier. Com. AU mutinous. Com. AU arms. News. Gob. AU grislinesss. Com. AU facilitator. Com. AU compartmented. Com. AU Below are pictures of the Mediumistic Mirage I have chosen to purchase.

Mexican Peso Case Study Essay

1. Take a look at Mexicos balance of payments over the past few years. Use the schedule I have abandoned to the bailiwick it is in the same format as we used to examine the U. S. balance of payments. What do the commerce and current account balances suggest about the likelihood of a potential devaluation of the peso? Why? a. It suggests that because Mexico is import twice as much as they are exporting that there is a strong contingency that the peso depart lose value to counter the constant addition in imports. It is also distinguished to point out that the exports in 1974 and 1975 are practic every(prenominal)y the same.The current account balance is negative 4 billion U. S. sawhorses which is 4 meters big than it was in 1972. All this leads me to believe that the peso needs to be devalued in order to raise the amount Mexico exports. 2. What does the hidden capital account suggest about the need for a devaluation of the peso? Why? a. The private capital account is a pos itive 3 billion which indicates that there are a lot more imports than exports suggesting that Mexico is either borrowing a larger portion of money or selling some of its assets.Consequently there is a need for the devaluation of the peso. 3. What does the private transactions balance suggest about the valuation of the peso and whether a very large devaluation was imminent? Why? a. By looking at the private transactions balance it suggest that there was non a dire need for a very large devaluation because it is a positive 172 million where as it has been no larger than 222 million and no smaller than 39 million. That is non to say that the peso did not need to be devaluated however. 4. Take a look at scupper 5 in the case Mexicos international reserves.What has happened to Mexicos total foreign exchange reserves since 1970? How would you interpret this trend in terms of evaluating the strength or weakness of the peso in the foreign exchange market? Would you leave off that the peso was likely to be substantially devalued from this data? Why? a. With a gradual increase in Mexicos total foreign exchange reserves since 1970 it looks like they were preparing for the devaluation of the peso for some meter now. The increase in reserves is them trying to prevent or delay the devaluation.From just this data but however I would not believe that the peso is at risk of macrocosm devaluated. 5. Take a look at Exhibit 7 and the forward discounts on the peso versus the one dollar bill. On June 18, what did the market recover of the peso was likely to do over the next three months? On August 27, what did the market think the peso was likely to do versus the dollar over the next three months? Between June and August, what was the market maxim about the magnitude and/or probability of a devaluation of the peso over the next three months? a.On June 18th it was believed that over a 3 month period that the peso would depreciate 20% vs. the U. S. dollar and on August 27th it was believed that the peso would only depreciate 9. 08% over the same time frame. During that time frame the market thought there was a less and less chance that the peso was red ink to get devaluated. 6. Look at the commercial bank lending rates to prime borrowers in Exhibit 8. Based on these nominal prime borrowing rates, would you expect the peso to appreciate or depreciate against the dollar and by how much? Why? a.If using the December 1975lending rates, the peso would depreciate against the dollar by 5. 9% because Mexicos interest rate is nearly twice as high as the linked States. 7. What should be the PPP Mexican peso/U. S. dollar exchange rate based on terms level changes in Mexico and the U. S. between 1954 and 1975. Given your calculation, is the Mexican peso reasonably valued at the naked as a jaybird exchange rate of MP20. 5/U. S$? Briefly explain why. a. The PPP for the Mexican peso/U. S. dollar exchange rate should be MP13. 29/$ and I believe that the new e xchange rate is in any case high, especially when compared to the 13.29 PPP. Another reason to believe that it is not reason up to(p) is that looking at exhibits 5 and 7 indicates that the peso may not have needed to be devaluated much at all considering the increase in Mexicos reserves and the decrease in the forward discount from June to August. 8. Suppose the Mexican government had decided not to devalue the peso. What would have been some of the economic and financial policies it could have implement to defend the currency? How would these policies affect employment and income levels in Mexico? a.Financial policies that could have been implemented would be to find the number of imports and/or raise import taxes and loosen up their taxes on corporations to encourage new cable in Mexico. It would raise employment while having a positive effect on income levels compared to if the peso was devaluated. 9. enthrall evaluate the future of the peso based on your answers to the abov e questions as well as the adjacent information (1) Oil production is likely to come on stream shortly and oil is priced in the world markets in dollars.(2) Foreign oil companies will be making substantial investments in Mexican oil fields. (3) The Mexican government will be able to control inflation. a. The future of the peso is deviation to look bright because they are increasing jobs by having companies invest in their oil fields. Although other countries will be making money so will Mexico. Since the dollar will be stronger than the peso, the money being made off oil would be equal to more pesos since it was devalued. This will increase exports and since they are able to control inflation it gives them greater control

Expectations and Blindness in King Lear

Shakespe ar, with his brilliant portrayal of Lears conflict with two opposing forces aesthetics and reality, continues to draw both readers and audiences with Lears many meanings and interpretations. The main character, queen regnant Lear, is the object of universal identification with his obliviousness as to who people truly be, and the discovery of truth. It is this identification that exceeds the Elizabethan period, making King Lear a duck soup for every last(predicate) times.With his world about to be shattered, Lear will realize that the world he was living in as King, is non so nice as it contrivems. King Lear is the story of how a man once obsessed with image and power(Hamilton 175) is forced to see that those around him are not who he believes they are. The end of vision and in rush, and the absence of it, is a major theme in Lear. This theme is portrayed through the characters of King Lear, Gloucester and Edgar. The lack of insight, or contrivanceness, is very sym bolic.Blindness is defined as unable to see lacking the sniff out of sight(Dictionary). For Lear, dimness was not physical it was his flaw. Lears blindness to see who a person in truth was, base on their character and personality, was obvious at the beginning of the shirk regarding Cordelia and Kent. Gloucester, on the other hand, was originally blind be curtilage he also had a flaw against seeing the truth. He is physically blinded by Cornwall, that after he gains the vision that Lear lacks.Lears understanding that vision is not only physical came too late, and is the cause of his downfall. Lear knows absolutely that he is not only a King, but the father of the family unit, the patriarchal figurehead. He believes these titles collide withs him break up than everybody else, that everyone else bows to him. Because of this, he demands high levels of public affection, that he wholly expects to receive. Lear emphasizes his expectations at the start of the play, repeatedly referr ing to temper and offices of nature(2. 4. 94-202) to which he thinks everyone must listen to because it would be unnatural to ignore them. (2. 4. 320) Lear thinks it is his right for others, especially his family, to bestow unclouded and unlimited love and devotion on him it is this belief that causes him to split the Kingdom which to the Elizabethan audience would be something only crazy people would do. Lears oldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, as trained, exaggerate their tactual sensationings by proclaiming their love for their father exceeds all others, and they are rewarded for their expressions ith wealth but with the power to dictate the conditions of public life, the power to make a new commonwealth in the shell of the old, to become the new Lears. (Basney 18) Sharon Hamilton compares Baptista (The Taming of the Shrew) and Lear, explaining their behaviour In both plays, the fathers show preference to the hypocritical daughters and set down, by direct statement and im plication, the public role that they want them to play. Both Baptista and Lear flatter themselves on being good fathers, and both see as the test of their effectiveness the daughters compliance with her prescribed role.Above all, to each one man values reputation and status and eschews any word or act that reflects badly on his public image. The shallowness of their outlook is revea direct by the presence of a sister who is the. daughters temperamental opposite(Hamilton 93). Lear consequently turns to Cordelia, and knowing she loves him he demands the same thing to speak her love for him to recieve a portion of the kingdom. However, unlike her sisters, Cordelia is not going to follow her fathers expectations. Cordelia raises the issue of obligation itself in an unprotected.. way.She states the moral framework(Basney 18) of how she tusht love Lear all forever her love will be split when she is married like how her sisters should have been. Of course, Lear is outraged by the thoug ht that his expectations, that Cordelia fawn over him and flaunt her love for him publicly, will not come true. Lear then disowns Cordelia. Kent, having much insight than Lear, is able to see the honest love Cordelia has for Lear. Kent tries to prove to Lear that he is making the wrong prime(prenominal) in disowning his daughter and he is not seeing her love for him.Lear replies angrily with Out of my sight (1. 1. 179) to which Kent answers, See give, Lear, and let me still remain/ The true blank of thine eye. Lears windows to reality, Kent and Cordelia, are banished and for now, Lear alone is able to make his own decisions. Meanwhile, Gloucester is also a victim of blindness. Like Lear, Gloucester cant see which of his two sons truly love him. Edmund bad the letter that was allegedly written by his brother, saying Edgar is planning to kill Gloucester.His father sees the letter and is in a flash convinced. He was made to believe, by his blindness and some help from Edmund, tha t Edmund loved him and Edgar was the son plotting to kill him. G. Wilson gentle comments on the parallels between the main plot of Lear and Gloucesters sub-plot The Gloucester-theme is a certain indication of our vision and helps us to understand, and feel the enduring agony of Lear Now all the Lear effects are exaggerated in the Gloucester theme. (Knight 139)Unlike Lear though, Gloucester is blinded by the Duke of Cornwall from that moment on, Gloucesters vision starts clearing up. I have no way and therefore want no eyes I stumbled when I saw(4. 1. 19-20) is the climax for Gloucester as he can now see the truth. Gloucester realized he was blind to the truth and how he was more blind when he could see physically. He knows now that he doesnt need his eyes to see and understand because he can understand better in his mind, without the aesthetics, or the outward shape upance, to trick him.Eventually, Lears strong trust in his expectations eventually spirals down into terrible inst ability and madness as he figures out by the events of the play- that his expectations cant be achieved. Lears downfall caused is because of this fault of his mind, And he knows it O Lear, Lear, Lear Beat at this gate that let thy folly in, And thy dear judgement out. (1. 4. 287) Lear now sees his daughters as aspects of his self, now tainted(Hamilton 118). The insanity he goes through is the punishment for his blindness.Lear was once a verify of nature itself, as he believed, as a God he realizes that he is slave to nature in the form of weather. The arduous, painful power of the storm drowns him, in desperate fallacy, and creates a strong nostalgia and the extreme lust for affection. Lear sees how this world goes like blinded Gloucester, sees it feelingly. (4. 6. 162-4) The blinding of Gloucester was an exaggeration of cruelty, the same horrible cruelty that led Lear to madness. Lear and Gloucester gain sympathy from the audience, adding to the heaviness of the tragedys ending.E dgar and Cordelia are the rays of hope in Lear, because even after their fathers have wronged them because of their blindness, the children reaping to their fathers and put all their efforts into comforting and restoring them. (Hamilton 174) The irony of Lear and Gloucesters blindness is made even more sad because Kent, Cordelia and the frivol away are aware of their ignorance. These three characters can tell what is going on, but they cannot do anything to fix it. Lear is blind to Cordelias honest love for her father, instead embracing Goneril and Regans expected proclamations of, what really is false love.As Lear goes mad, he finally sees what he has done by placing roles on those around him, and sees the roles his daughters play, that he created, are not who Regan and Goneril truly are. Yet as soon as he realizes his mistake, shredding his blindness, insanity moves in. The Fool and Kent both remain true to Lear, always onerous to make him see what is really going on. Lear is constantly reminding us with convincing representations of obligation, faithfulness, and care, without allowing us to take the smorgasbord of comfort from them that we want. (Basney 27)What Basney means here, is that while Cordelia, the Fool and Kent show their faithfulness in Lear, while Edgar cares for his blind father, Lear and Gloucester are not aware that they have people who care for them and love them unconditionally. The audience wants Gloucester and Lear to see that the most loyal people have never left or betrayed them. However, Kent and Edgar must go underground. The disguise of goodness is the dogma of Lears new kingdom. (Basney 20) Through Cordelia, the Fool, and Kent, Shakespeare created a connection for the audience to sympathize with, drawing the audience emotionally close to each character.With every piece of advice disregarded or neglected, a feeling of urgency rises, until the audience can only wish that there is hope somewhere. Everyone sees what they wish t o believe that is, peoples expectations shape what is actually in straw man of them, so that they see what they want to see. Its these factors that makes Lears characters so relate-able. G. Wilson Knight expands on this Our vision has thus been uniquely focus to understand that vision of the grotesque, the incongruous, the fantastically horrible, which was the agony of Lears mind (Knight 142).We can feel Lears pain, we can sympathize with him. This play shows that we need to look beyond what our eyes can see and pay more attention to what is really going on. We must avoid seeing what we should not see, and stop not seeing what we should. We must be able to see blinded and not be blinded by sight. In King Lear those who appear blind have the best vision, those who seem fools are the wisest, and those who dont speak much really know the most.

Tone Interpretation for a Rose for Emily

Teegan Brock Brad Nelson Luke Ziegler Trevor Magerowski Paul Reid English Comp 2 March 18, 2013 Insane Asylum for Emily The short theme, A Rose for Emily written by William Faulkner has a diaphanous tone that helps depict the over every last(predicate) theme of how a woman unloved by her father falls into the dark treacherous depths of insanity. In the beginning of the story Emily lived with her father. Her father litter away all of the hands in her life so she never anchor love. Also her father was very overbearing and fundamentally the only person that she ever grew to know personally.Her father cut her extended family off from her so she never was very social. Once her father died she was alone. She had no one except her servants and she was very lonely which probably drove her into partial insanity. She was very used to self-pity because her father was a very big man in the connection so once he passed away she never had to pay taxes so she was basically exempt from societ y. by and by her father died she started to see more of people such as her cousins that her father drove away when she was alive. She found love in a guy named homer that went south after she found out to the highest degree his homosexuality.Faulkner does a good job of using a dark tone and making Emily almost reckon unsociable and unlovable to a point where nobody wants to be in her life. Homer basically was the wheat berry that broke the camels back and drove her deep into insanity. After Emily envisions out about her sexuality she goes to the install to buy poison. The tone in the story makes it near impossible to predict what she was going to do with the poison. The storage keeper asked her what she needed it for and she refused to tell him and bought it anyway. She then bought a silver toilet set with her initials engraved on it and a complete outfit including a night shirt.This shows her insanity because she is buying him stuff when he all the way does not love her. Th is in turn might be the reason for her buying the arsenic because he left when the cousins came and she clearly was upset about it. Late in the story Emilys house started to olfactory perception horrid and it was disturbing the community. Because, of her social status and her reputation for being the crazy, grumpy old lady the town refused to take action and disturb her. Thirty years passed the smell continued so the town near sprinkled lime to cover up the smell. After she passed away they went upstairs to her room and discovered homers dead body.This story and the overall tone clearly pleads the case of Emilys insanity because they found her hair on the indented perch lying next to homers body. This showed that she slept in the bed with him. She hid that body for 30 years and lived with the smell. The authors tone made it gentle to depict the theme that Emily was drove into insanity by her father and never being able to find love and be social with other people. To quote the great W. C. Fields No doubt exists that all women are crazy its only a question of degree. And in Emilys case its the highest degree.

Policies and procedures to promote positive behaviour Essay

Prep be and deliver a presentation for the induction of new mount workers on promoting positive deportment in the school. Policies and procedures to promote positive behaviour TGAs behaviour policies acknowledge Golden Rules which are on the website and on display in all classrooms, the Behaviour and anti strong-arm policies. We also have certain(a) procedures to support and encourage positive behaviour, these are Golden Time moment Friday afternoon Praise from adults (smiley faces, stickers etc.) Positive contact with parents (a postcard or phone call home) Vivo tokens, trophy and/or cash prize Individual treat (given time on favourite activity, etc.) Group treat (to be given use of special resource, to line up first etc.) Class treat (few minutes trim play, time on chosen activity, class celebration) Additional class reward schemes are at the treat of the class t separatelyerWe have a clear procedure for dealing with issues which staff follow. There are several steps begi nning with a verbal warning and escalating steps by step. At each stage the child is reminded that their behaviour is a choice and given the opportunity to change it. By using these methods the children know the expectations, boundaries and sanctions. They are rewarded for positive behaviour. The children have a say in desexting the rules. They are expect to listen to others to learn about the impact of their behaviour. Children know the expected results of their choice of behaviour, i.e. good choices equal rewards and brusque choices equal sanctions. Children depart naturally try to push boundaries, in order to feel safe and secure, they unavoidableness to know what the limits are. Consistency is key, so that the children are non confused, they know the boundaries and respect them as they know they will be enforced. Consistency will also stop situations where the children insist Well Mrs X lets us do it.Promoting positive behaviour non only is it much nicer to deal with pos itive behaviour, but studies have shown that it is potent and the good behaviour will be repeated. Rewarding negative behaviour with attention is counterproductive and does not add to a childs emotional well-being. Its the schools job not only to educate in the classroom but to take a holistic approach to and form out well round, productive members of society. If we want to be treated withrespect, we must show respect to others and set a positive example. Managing inappropriate behaviour knowing when to seek assistance and from whom is very important. If you feel that you keistert manage a situation, get assistance. This could be if a child is ignoring repeated, calm instruction or behaving unpredictably.If there is a danger, to children, self or staff, get help, eg if a child is becoming violent or threatening violence or if a child is trying to do something that may result in harm (leave school grounds, using equipment in a dangerous manner). Obviously not all behaviour that r equires intervention will be that dramatic, sometimes it may be necessary to involve the class teacher or senior leadership for other matters, such as the destruction of property (defacing equipment, tearing books, etc), curiously if its a recurring problem and any kind of violence, racism or homophobia. If a certain type of behaviour is persistent, refer it to the SENCO or the class teacher minor but persistent rudeness, unfitness to pay attention, trouble getting on with classmates, etc. All inappropriate behaviour must be recorded on SIMS so that it can be monitored and interventions can be put in military position if necessary.

Prevalence of Escherichia Coli on Money

PREVALENCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ON PHILIPPINE PESO BILL WITHIN THE VICINITY OF ILOILO CITY 2012-2013 A enquiry Paper Presented to The susceptibility College of medical exam Laboratory comprehension De dismantlement Central Filipino University Iloilo city In Partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the Research 1 JUSTINE GRACE G. JIMENEA ISAAC JAMES T. LEDESMA MAJA HANNAH LOU L. LOJA ROBERTO R. MANALO JR. JIRAH L. PEDROSA MARCH 2013 CHAPTER 1 inception Background of the work A classic char momenteristic of human parasitic and b conducteriuml agents is the evolution of routes for transmittance pathogens to susceptible armaments.The env atomic number 26ment plays a critical social function in transmission to world, with umteen environmental materials attentioning as vehicles. microbic contaminants whitethorn be communicable directly, through materialise-to- fall out achieve, or indirectly, via aliment for thought or new(prenominal) breathless objects like fomites. (Rote, et al. , 2010) According to Umeh, et al (2007), taint of objects by morbific smallorganism is such(prenominal)(prenominal) a national health concern as foul materials stub be sources of transmitting pathogens. Items that solve from hand to hand argon likely to be colly with ailment causing microorganisms e limitedly if handled with ill-gotten hands or kept in dirty surroundings.Ahmed, et al (2010) denominateed out that account funds is wide interchange for corkings and run in nearly countries worldwide. Paper currencies atomic number 18 astray utilise and each up-to-dateness is exchanged many times during the time it circulates. If nearly of these written report m acey atomic number 18 soil with morbific b seconderium, there is a potential to spread these microorganism. Pope, et al (2002) mentioned, since bacterium, have been shown to spread from person to person via dawn with fomites topic money, therefore, presents a particular encounter of p ublic health.Paper currency is ordinarily and routinely passed among individuals. Thus bacterium could be spread on the go up of musical composition currency. Paper currency, as asserted by Oyero, et al (2007) stomach be pollute by droplets during spit uping, sneezing, touching with previously contaminated hands or other materials and placement on dirty surface. Paper currency is unwashedly handled by various categories of pack during transaction. The supposition that paper currency might act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms was suggested in 1970s.Various pathogens colligate with throat infection, pneumonia, tonsillitis, peptic ulcers, urino-genital tract infection, gastroenteritis and lung abscess had been reported. (Pope, et al. , 2002) The money which may get contaminated during production, storage, after production and during go for are al routes in circulation. Numerous research on currency in several countries indicated bacteriuml befoulment. A memorize in Bangladesh reported thatEscherichia coli (58%),Klebsiella(50%), staph aureus(25%), Salmonella (15%), vitamin B complex (9%), Pseudomonas (7%) and vibrio cholera (5%) were recovered from Bangladesh Paper Currency Notes (Taka). Ahmed, et al,. 2010) In a nonher hold carried out in Nigeria, the bacteria stranded E. coli (80%), Aerobacter (59%), Salmonella (40. 9%), yeast cellular telephones (36. 4%), Streptococcus faecalis(31. 8%), staphylococcus aureus( 27. 3%) and the coagulase shun staphylococci (18. 2%). (Umeh, et al. , 2007) A similar make was as well as conducted in Nepal and reported thatstaphylococciaureus, S. Epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella choleraesius, E. coli, Enterobacteraerogenesand cloaceaewere spaced from paper money of Nepal. (Lamichhane, et al. 2009) In a nonher study in India, carbon% of the currency nones of Indian upee were contaminated with bacteria. Mainly cardi nal species including E. coli, Proteus spp. And Staphylococcus aureuswere unaffectionate. (Bhat, et al. , 2010) In a nonher study in India, currency warnings of contrary denominations from different occupational multitudes were evaluated for isolation of microbial contaminants and Staphylococcus aureu, E. coli, Bacillus spp. , Klebsiella spp. , Proteus mirablisand fungus like Aspergillusnigerand Fusariumwere isolated from these paper currency notes. (Rote, et al. 2010) Although, a lot of studies on the microbiological status of paper currency have been carried out elsewhere, data on the microbial befoulment of the peso ( Philippine currency) is s stick outty. In order to know the prevalence of Escherichia coli on Philippine Peso annotation indoors the vicinity of Iloilo City in the year 2012-2013, this study is to be conducted. normal Objectives What is the prevalence rate of E. coli befoulment on the Philippine peso street arab of Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ)? particular proposition Objectives 1. ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli contamination on the 20 peso schnozzle? . ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli contamination on the 50 peso bill? 3. ) What is the prevalence rate of E. coli contamination on the 100 peso bill? Research Paradigm In babelike variableDependent variable LocationPublic Utility Jeepney (PUJ)Value20 PHP50 PHP100 PHP prevalence rate of Escherichia coli contamination Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study Definition of Terms To provide uncloudedness and understanding, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally. bacterium- are minute, unicellular organisms that re name by binary fission.They are considered prokaryotes due to the absence of nuclear membrane. They possess both DNA and RNA. They sensitive to penicillins, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. (Moraleta, Review of Microbiology) In the study, the bacteria is the E. coli to be identified. Escherichia coli- or E. coli is a bacterium th at is comm only rig in the gut of humans and other warm-blooded animals. While well-nigh strains are harmless, whatsoever support establish severe solid foodborne ailment. E. coliinfection is usually transmitted through consumption of contaminated piss or food, such as undercooked warmness products and raw draw.Symptoms of disease include abdominal cramps and diarrhoea, which may be bloody. Fever and vomiting may alike turn over. Most patients recover inwardly 10 days, although in a few cases the disease may locomote life-threatening. (WHO, 2012) As subprogramd in this study,E. coli is the subject of the study and it is isolated in the surfaces different peso bill. befoulment-The act or process ofcontaminating pollution defilement taint also, that which contaminates. (http//www. merriam-webster. com/) In this study, contamination refers how high or low E. oli bacteria direct is erect on the surface of the peso bill. Denomination-a value or surface of a series of values or sizes. (http//www. merriam-webster. com/) As utilise in thisstudy, 20, 50, 100 are use as denomination. Paper bill- ( practically known as abill,paper moneyor simply anote) is a type ofnegotiable instrumentknown as apromissory note, made by abank, payable to the bearer on demand. (http//en. wikipedia. org) In this study, paper bill was tested for the charge or absence of E. coli. Philippine peso- is the currency of thePhilippines.The peso is usually denoted by the symbol ? . Other ways of writing the Philippine peso sign are PHP, PhP, Php, and/or P. (http//www. wikipedia. org/) As used in this study, Philippine peso paper bill was tested for the presence of E. coli. Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ)- are the most popular representation ofpublic transportationin the Philippines. (http//www. wikipedia. org/) In this study, this is the location of the Philippine peso billwhere the E. coli is to be isolated. Signifi bay windowce of the Study The result of the study will benefit the followingDepartment of Health. may provide in shapeation on how to properly handle and care for money to prevent the risk of Escherichia coli contamination from hand-to-hand communication. The Medical Researchers. They may use this study as reference for future studies oddly in the prevention of the deadly disease fixd by Escherichia coli on the circulating money. Commercial Banks. They may have an idea that Escherichia coli can inhabit the paper bill and commence such disease. Hence, they will come up bacteria-free money. Jeepney Drivers.May help them in nurseing their selves from world the courier of contaminated money from one person to another. The public. The result will provide in variantation and ken about money contaminated by Escherichia coli circulates, and find ways in preventing disease and reduce mortality. forthcoming tec. The result of the study may also be used by other future researcher as a reference or basis for future researcher or investigation. Scop e and demarcation of the Study This study aims to furbish up the prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination on Philippine peso bill inwardly the vicinity of Iloilo City.A total of 45 paper currency of denominations, fifteen paper currencies of each 20 PhP, 50 PhP and 100 PhP in circulation were stochasticly peaceful in 15 jeepneys at different times. Coins were excluded from the study. Paper currencies were gathered from Jaro-CPU Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) from CPU to Iloilo City route and vice versa. This study is conducted during the month of March until May in the year 2013. Persons discussion the bill were asked to deposit them in sterile polyethylene bags, sealed and interpreted to the Medical Laboratory Science Research Laboratory of Central Philippine University, for analysis. CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter deals with the related literature and studies relevant to the study of Escherichia coli contamination on paper money bills. Money in the form of notes or coins is handled by e very(prenominal)one, and dirty money (money contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms) is always in circulation. pollution may occur during production, during storage after production, and during use. Microorganisms on the skin can be transferred from cashiers, salespeople and the planetary public to the currency notes that they handle. Contamination from the anal region, wounds, nasal secretions and aerosols enerated by sneezing and coughing are potential sources of transfer of microorganisms to currency notes during discourse. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosaandKlebsiellaaerogeneshave been reported to survive well on the skin,and are known to be transferred from fabrics to hand as well as from hand to fabrics. (Tswana, 2000) Items that are passed from hand to hand are likely to be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria particularly if carried with unclear hands, or kept in a dirty environment. Similarly, pa per currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide.Currency contamination with pathogenic bacteria is of much public health concern as contaminated materials can be sources of serious pathogens. Paper currency, therefore presents a particular risk to public health, since they go in circulation and contaminate the hands of others transmitting pathogenic organisms in the process. (Uneke&Ogbu, 2007) Pathogenic bacteria that may survive on the currency banknotes may serve as a potential source of enteropathogens causing food poisoning because food vendors handle and serve food and at the same time handle currency banknotes as they sell. Cardoenet al. , 2009 Lamichhaneet al. , 2009) The incidence of food poisoning is on the extend worldwide, although it is estimated that only 10% of cases are reported just the tip of the iceberg. Money bill play a major role in transmission of pathogenic bacteria. Some mathematical models have been developed to help understa nd the movements of currency and how this might contribute to the global spread of disease. One of the main sources of pathogenic or food-poisoning bacteria is people. People commonly carry these bacteria in their nose, mouth, wounds and intestines, and on their skin.There are several reports of the particular of microorganisms, in particular bacteria, on cash banknotes and coins. A study in the US showed that only 6% of banknotes tested were free from microbial contamination. Dirty money Modern banknotes are made from a special blend of 75% cotton and 25% linen with small segments of fibre, so paper money is something of a misnomer. The paper is referred to as the substrate during the manufacturing process this is an appropriate name as bacteria require a substrate for sprainth.The cotton/linen/fibre combinations of banknotes produce a strong bond and do not pull apart, unlike the fibres of ordinary paper. The reasonable life span of a low denomination paper banknote is about 2 4 months. In the early 1980s, an American Bank developed polyethylene fibres for use as currency and they are still in use in some Central American countries. Non-fibrous, non-porous, polymer banknotes, developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia, were first issued as currency in 1988. The banknotes were made from biaxially orient polypropylene that made them more(prenominal) durable, with security features that rendered them difficult to counterfeit. Aidoo, 2011) Various routes are known that lead to the contamination of paper bill. Handling of it results in the transfer of bacteria from money onto hands or from hands onto money. Individuals who cough or sneeze into their hands can easily transfer bacteria onto currency when they handle it. Viruses may also be transmitted when give people touch surfaces, such as banknotes, that are tallyly touched by others. In the hospitality and catering industry, it is unacceptable for staff to use one hand to handle food and the other to ha ndle money. regimen, any cooked or uncooked, may conduct bacteria which can be transferred either directly or indirectly through a medium such as a work surface onto currency. This may occur particularly with street food, mobile food vendors and in retail outlets at the counter. Obviously, the transfer of pathogenic bacteria to food that is ready to be eaten and that requires no advertise heat treatment could have serious consequences. Should money be handled amid hand washing and food discussion, then it is equally important to repeat the process of hand washing before handling risky food.Wallets, purses, cash registers and other closed environments are conducive for microbial growth because they create warm and wet conditions. Transfer of micro-organisms from one banknote to another in such closed environments may also be common. (Aidoo, 2011) Money on which pathogenic microorganisms might survive represents an often overlooked reservoir for enteric disease (Michaels, 2002) . In most parts of the developed world, there is a popular belief that the simultaneous handling of food and money contributes to the incidence of food-related public health incidents (Food Science Australia FSA, 2000).It goes without saying that bacteria are everywhere in the environment and most of these microbes are harmless to humans. Should germs on money worry us? Surprisingly, studies of bacteria on money are scarce. In 1972 a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association studied bacteria from 200 coins and bills and found harmful germs like fecal bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus on 13 percent of coins and 42 percent of notes. The study concluded Money is truly dirty. (http//christophreilly. hubpages. com/) Micro-organisms commonly associated with banknotes include Staphylococcus aureus, ? haemolytic Streptococcus, Enterobacter spp. , Acinetobacter spp. , Pseudomonas spp. , Bacillusspp. , Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. , viruses, yeasts and moulds. Some of t hese bacteria are pathogenic, maculation others may cause opportunistic infections. The predominant, recurrent pathogenic bacteria found on banknotes are S. aureus, Bacillus spp. and Escherichia spp. Many members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are found in the gut of animals and humans, and their presence in food or on inanimate objects and surfaces is a good indicator of poor hygiene.Members of the genera Enterobacter, Escherichia and Klebsiella isolated from banknotes may not themselves cause serious illness however, their isolation from money may indicate the presence of other pathogenic organisms. Escherichia coliis an important member of the fecal coliform group and its presence on banknotes is of public health concern, peculiarly as some strains can of rail line cause serious illness. Species of the Gram-negative genus Pseudomonas, which can cause serious opportunistic infections, have also been isolated from banknotes.S. aureus is the predominant bacterium present on the surface of banknotes and it is also a common cause of food poisoning. This organism is indicative of poor measures of hygiene particularly during food handling and/or preparation. Many people in the adult population carry S. aureus on their skin, in their nasal cavity, and in septic cuts, boils and spots. Coagulase-positive S. aureus is quick isolated from banknotes and the toxins it produces may cause toxic shock syndrome. It has also been implicated in pneumonia.Streptococci are part of the normal microflora in the mouth, skin, intestine and upper respiratory tract of humans. Although many streptococcal species are non-pathogenic, some have been implicated in meningitis and pneumonia. Bacillus spp. are spore-formers and can withstand harsh, adverse conditions, such as drying. Some species, for example Bacillus cereus, cause dickens types of food poisoning diarrhoeal (heat-labile toxin) and emetic (heat-stable toxin). (Aidoo, 2011) The surface of paper banknotes is not smooth, b ut irregular, and can harbour many different types of microorganisms.The two main factors that determine the occurrence of bacteria on currency are (i) the material that the banknotes are made from and (ii) the age of the banknote. bacterium have enormous capabilities to allow them to survive in adverse conditions. Two of the most important strategies for natural selection are their efficiency to adhere to surfaces and the tycoon to form biofilms (multicellular aggregates). Members of some genera, such as Bacillus, may form spores and can survive attached to banknotes for many years. Formation of a biofilm or a spore is controlled by contagious activity of the bacterium.Bacterial cells on banknotes are measured by the number of closure-forming units (c. f. u. ) per cm2 of banknote. A banknote may post up to 106c. f. u. cm2, whilst a coin may have up to 103c. f. u. cm2. Studies have shown that polymer-based banknotes often have a relatively low bacterial count compared with th e cotton-based paper banknotes. This may be due to various physicochemical parameters of polymers. For example, a negatively charged and hydrophilic synthetic polymer would adversely affect bacterial attachment. (Vriesekoop et. al. , 2010) Escherichia coli, also known as E. oli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the get intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms). Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some types can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally trustworthy for food contamination. (CDC National Center for Emerging and zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 2012) The harmless strains are part of the normal flora of the gut, and can benefit their hosts by producing vitamin K2, and by preventing the establishment of pathogenic bacteria inside the intestine. (Hudault et al. , 2001).Fecaloral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive impertinent the body for a limited inwardness of time, which makes them ideal indicator organisms to test environmental samples for fecal contamination. There is, however, a growing body of research that has examined environmentally persistent E. coli which can survive for extended periods outside of the host. (Ishii &Sadowsky, 2008) Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is the most prevalent infecting organism in the family of gram-negative bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae.E. coli is often referred to as the best or most-studied free-living organism. more(prenominal) than 700 serotypes of E. coli have been identified. The O and H antigens on the bacteria and their flagella distinguish the different serotypes. Indeed, some E. coli are beneficial, while some cause infections other than gastro intestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections. The E. coli that are responsible for the numerous reports of contaminated foods and beverages are those that produce Shiga toxin, so called because the toxin is virtually identical to that produced by Shigelladysenteria type 1. Eisenstein et al, 2000) Strains of E. coli that causes dissipation in man Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) causes diarrhea, but the molecular mechanisms of colonization and aetiology are different. EPEC lack fimbriae, ST and LT toxins, but they use an adhesin known as intimin to bind host intestinal cells. This virotype has an array of virulence factors that are similar to those found in Shigella, and may possess a shiga toxin. Adherence to the intestinal mucosa causes a rearrangement of actin in the host cell, causing crucial deformation. EPEC cells are moderately invasive (i. . they enter host cells) and elicit an inflammatory response. A change in intestinal cell ultrastructure due to attachment and effacement is likely the prime cause of diarrhea in those afflicted with EPEC. (University of WisconsinMadison Department of Bacteriology, 2007) Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, or ETEC, is the name given to a group of E. coli that produce special toxins which stimulate the lining of the intestines causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thus producing diarrhea. (cdc. gov, 2004) Enteroinvasive E. oli (EIEC) this infection causes a syndrome that is identical to Shigellosis, with profuse diarrhea and high fever. EIEC are exceedingly invasive, and they utilize adhesin proteins to bind to and enter intestinal cells. They produce no toxins, but severely damage the intestinal wall through mechanical cell destruction. ( Lan et al, 2004). Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is a subgroup of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC) that during the past decade has received increasing attention as a cause of watery diarrhea, which is often persistent. EAEC have been isolated from children and adults worldwide.As well as sporadic cases, extravasations of EAEC-caused diarrhea have been described. (sgmjournals. org, 2003) diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) may cause dise ase in immunologically naive or malnourished children. Discrepancies among epidemiological studies could be explained by age-dependent susceptibility to diarrhea or by the use of an inappropriate detection method such as DNA probing. The current prospective case-control study was done to determine the role of DAEC strains as a cause of acute diarrhea in northeastern Brazil, where childhood diarrhea is endemic. ( M. M. Levine. 1990) Shiga toxin-producing E. oli (STEC) Some strains of E. coli produce a toxin called Shiga toxin that causes diarrhea and can lead to severe illness. These Shiga toxin-producing E. coli are sometimes called STEC (pronounced S-TECK). STEC can be spread from oxen and other animals to people through raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized milk, or through mop up with an septic animal. People can also get infected by consuming contaminated water, raw produce or unpasteurized juice or cider. Foods can become contaminated with bacteria from manure in the field or from raw beef or raw beef juices in the kitchen.People with STEC who do not wash hands well after a bowel movement can spread it to others. (kingcounty. gov, 2005) The genera Escherichia and Salmonella diverged nearly 102 million years ago, which coincides with the divergence of their hosts the former being found in mammals and the latter in birds and reptiles. This was followed by a split of the escherichian ancestor into five species (E. albertii, E. coli, E. fergusonii, E. hermannii and E. vulneris. ) The last E. coli ancestor split between 20 and 30 million years ago. ( Lecointre et al. 2007) In 1885, a German pediatrician, Theodor Escherich, first discovered this species isolated from the feces of newborns and called it bacterium coli commune due to the fact it is found in the colon and early classifications of Prokaryotes fit(p) these in a handful of genera based on their shape and motility (at that time Ernst Haeckels classification of Bacteria in the commonwealth Mone ra was in place). bacteria coli was the type species of the now invalid genus Bacterium when it was revealed that the former type species (Bacterium triloculare) was missing.Following a revision of Bacteria it was reclassified as Bacillus coli by Migula in 1895 and later reclassified in the pertly created genus Escherichia, named after its original discoverer. ( Castellani and Chalmers, 2009) The genus belongs in a group of bacteria informally known as coliforms, and is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family (the enterics) of the Gammaproteobacteria. (Garrity, 2005) Escherichia coli encompass an enormous population of bacteria that exhibit a very high degree of both genetic and phenotypic diversity. Genome sequencing of a self-aggrandising number of isolates of E. oli and related bacteria shows that a taxonomic reclassification would be desirable. However, this has not been done, largely due to its medical importance and E. coli remains one of the most diverse bacterial species only 20% of the genome is common to all strains. (Lukjancenko et. al. , 2010) In fact, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) should be classified as E. coli strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of E. coli (e. g. he K-12 strain commonly used in recombinant DNA work) are sufficiently different that they would merit reclassification. (Lan Reeves, 2002) A strain is a sub-group within the species that has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other strains. These differences are often detectable only at the molecular level however, they may result in changes to the physiology or lifecycle of the bacterium. For example, a strain may gain pathogenic capacity, the ability to use a unique carbon source, the ability to take upon a particularecological niche or the ability to resist antimicrobial agents. Different strains of E. oli are often host-specific, making it po ssible to determine the source of fecal contamination in environmental samples. For example, knowing which E. coli strains are present in a water sample allows researchers to make assumptions about whether the contamination originated from a human, another mammal or a bird. (Feng et. al. , 2002) The bacteria normally adhere to the mucus or the epithelium on the wall of the intestines, and a single strain can last for months or years. E. coli is one of the most studied and best understood organism, but the organisms role and how it colonizes isnt very well understood.Freters Nutrient-Niche theory best describes E. colis role The ecological functions of E. coli depend on the nutrient availability within the intestines of the host organism. Since there are so many different nutrients that can be found within the intestines, it is said that they contain a balanced ecosystem because there are so many different nutrient-defined functions where the E. coli colonize. This is dependent on th e preferred nutrient for that particular population occupying the niche. E. coli can also be found outside of the body in faecally-contaminated environments such as water or mud. (bioweb. wlax. edu, 2008) The optimal growth of E. coli occurs at 37 degrees Celsius but some laboratory strains can multiply at temperatures of up to 49 degrees C. Growth can be driven by aerobic or anaerobic respiration. (answers. ask. com, 2010) As E. coli is part of the common micro? ora in the large intestine, it is accustomed to a pH of 7-8. As glucose is absorbed in the small intestine, the E. coli would be used to low concentrations. However, as glucose is its energy source, if excess glucose were available for consumption, it would be expected that the E. coli would utilise it and grow at a faster rate.Salt (NaCl) is absorbed in the colon, so the amount of salt that the E. coli is exposed to depends on how much salt is consumed by the host organism. However, because of the mechanism of osmosis, ext remely high levels as well as complete absence of salt could be lethal to E. coli bacteria. (APUA, 2007 How Antibiotics Work the Mechanism of Action , Alliance for the circumspect Use of Antibiotics,) You get an E. coli infection by coming into click with the feces of humans or animals. This can happen when you drink water or eat food that has been contaminated by feces. Healthwise, 2011) E. coli infection can cause human illness when E. coli is ingested through various modes of transmission, including through food and water sources, animal-to-human connexion, and person-to-person contact. (Clark, 2012) And according to the (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) CDC, the transmission of these bacteria to humans may occur in the following room Meat, such as beef from cows, may become contaminated when organisms are accidently goed in with beef, especially when it is ground. Meat contaminated with E. coli does not smell and looks normal.It is important to thoroughly cook t he beef. Infection may occur after swimming in or drinking water that has been contaminated with E. coli. Person-to-person contact in families and in child-care and other institutional-care centers are also places where the transmission of the bacteria can occur. However, the CDC also indicates the way E. coli is transmitted may change over time. (medicalcenter. osu. edu, 2006) To help avoid food poisoning and prevent infection, handle food safely. Cook meat well, wash fruits and vegetables before eating or cooking them, and avoid unpasteurized milk and juices.You can also get the infection by swallowing water in a swimming pool contaminated with human waste. (nlm. nih. gov, 2012) Pathogenic Escherichia coli, or E. coli, is believed to mostly live in the intestines of cattle. Certain serotypes of E. coli have also been found in the intestines of chickens, sheep, and pigs. (Clark, 2012) E. coli in food E. coli can get into meat during processing. If the infected meat is not cooked t o 160F (71C), the bacteria can survive and infect you when you eat the meat. This is the most common way people become infected with E. coli.Any food that has been in contact with raw meat can also become infected. Other foods that can be infected with E. coli include Raw milk or dairy farm products. Bacteria can spread from a cows udders to its milk. Check the labels on dairy products to make sure they contain the word pasteurized. This means the food has been heated to destroy bacteria. Raw fruits and vegetables, such as lettuce, alfalfa sprouts, or unpasteurized apple cider or other unpasteurized juices that have come in contact with infected animal feces. E. coli in water Human or animal feces infected with E. oli sometimes get into lakes, pools, and water supplies. People can become infected when a contaminated city or town water supply has not been properly treated with chlorine or when people perchance swallow contaminated water while swimming in a lake, pool, or irrigatio n canal. E. coli from person-to-person contact The bacteria can also spread from one person to another, usually when an infected person does not wash his or her hands well after a bowel movement. E. coli can spread from an infected persons hands to other people or to objects. Person-to-person transmission of E. oli occurs through a fecal-oral route, and is particularly common among infants and young children due to their unrefined hygienic practices. Person-to-person transmission of E. coli has also been known to occur between infected individuals and their caregivers, and between infected handlers of certain objects. (WebMD, 2010) In a study entitled Microbial Contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico, the banknotes came from various sources, including banks, toll booths, convenience stores, restaurants, cafeterias, and yogurt stores, among others.Samples were randomly obtained and banknotes were placed in a sterile polyethylene bag. The bag was sealed and the sample was interpreted to the laboratory. All currency banknotes were in good visible condition. Each banknote was placed in 5-mL sterile saline for 24 hours. A sterile, cotton-tipped pat was briefly introduced in the saline and the swab was seeded with a portion of the saline homogenized in blood agar plates and incubated for 48 hours at 37C in aerobic conditions. Plates were then examined for bacterial growth and the colonies underwent Gram stain.Gram-negative colonies were grown on Eosin methylene blue agar plates and identified with the crystallizing Identification System (Becton Dickinson). Gram-positive cocci were grown on azide agar plates and identified by conventional biochemical tests. Identification of yeasts was performed with CHROMagar Candida (Becton Dickinson). Of the 70 currency banknotes on which bacteriological analysis was conducted, 48 (69%) were found to be contaminated with several microbial species (Table 1).Sixteen species isolates were obtained from the bankno tes 14 bacterial species (four 23% Gram positive and 10 63% Gram negative) and two (13%) yeast species. The most prevalent species observed was Candida kruseii (19 banknotes, 27%) followed by Burkholderiacepacia (nine banknotes, 13%). Of the 70 banknotes include, 22 (31%) showed no growth. Four bills (5. 7%) yielded bacteria considered pathogenic to healthy hosts and the other 44 contaminated bills (63%) yielded bacteria considered potentially pathogenic to hospitalized or immunocompromised hosts.Additionally, 11 bills showed more than one microbial species. Pope and co-authors analyzed 68 $1 bills quiet from a school and a grocery store and found that five (7%) were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, 59 (87%) were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens, and just four (6%) were free of bacteria (Pope et al. , 2002). Unlike the study by Pope and co-authors, in our study 31% of the banknotes were negative. Our results are similar to a previous issue (Abrams Waterman, 1972), i n which 70% of banknotes were contaminated with bacteria.Of these banknotes, 60% contained pathogens, including S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. Medical staff office seem to play an important role in contamination of paper currency, since it has been reported that 13% of coins and 42% of currency collected from laboratory personnel were contaminated with S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella sp. , and Proteus mirabilis (Abrams Waterman, 1972). Additionally, the culture of 100 banknotes and 102 coins collected from medical personnel showed that 3% of coins and 11% of banknotes were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens (KhinNwe et al. 1989). In our study, we did not include banknotes collected in any hospital, but banknotes collected near hospital facilities were contaminated with opportunistic pathogens such as B. cepacia and A. baumannii. Uneke and Ogbu assessed the potential of Nigerian currency notes to act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of pathogenic parasite s and bacteria. Currency notes obtained from four major cities in Nigeria were evaluated according to regulation techniques. Fifty-four (21. 6 percent 95 percent CI 16. 50-26. 0) of the first batch of 250 notes, which underwent parasitological analysis, were contaminated with enteric parasites 133 (53. 2 percent 95 percent CI 47. 02-59. 39) of the second batch of 250 notes, which underwent bacteriological analysis, were found to be contaminated with bacteria. leechs that were isolated from the notes included Ascarislumbricoides (8. 0 percent), Enterobiusvermicularis (6. 8 percent), Trichuristrichiura (2. 8 percent), and Taenia species (4. 0 percent). Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species (21. percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent). Among dirty/mutilated currency notes, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both significantly (p . 05) more pervasive (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, respectively) than they were among plumb and surge currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher-denomination notes, although the difference was not statistically significant (p . 05).Parasite contamination and bacteria contamination were both most frequent in notes obtained from butchers and beggars. These results suggest that currency notes may be contaminated, especially with bacteria and enteric parasites, and may serve as sources of infection. The possibility that currency notes might act as environmental vehicles for the transmission of potential pathogenic microorganisms was suggested in the 1970s (Abrams Waterman, 1972). Paper currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide.It is used for every type of commerce, from buying milk at a local store to trafficking in sex and drugs. All this trade is hard on currency, with lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged many times (Gadsby, 1998). Although paper currency is made to take abuse (up to 4,000 folds in each direction) in most parts of the world, including in Nigeria (where paper currency is a rugged mix of 75 percent cotton and 25 percentlinen), it lasts less than a few years in circulation (Gadsby, 1998).The average U. S. dollar, for instance-like most currency notes worldwide-lasts a mere 18 months (Gadsby). Paper currency also provides a large surface area as a breeding ground for pathogens (Podhajny, 2004). Oddly, publications regarding the degree to which paper money is contaminated with bacteria are few and far between, as the authors found when they conducted a Medline search in declination 2005 (Abrams Waterman, 1972 El-Dars Hassan, 2005 GoktasOktay, 1992 Jiang Doyle, 1999 Khin et al. 1989 Michaels, 2002 Pope et al. , 2002 Singh et al. , 2002 Xu et al. , 2005). Furthermore, the search found no documented study of the parasitological status of currency notes (as o f December 2005). scientific information on the contamination of money by microbial agents is also lacking in most create countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This dearth of information may have contributed to the absence of public health policies or legislation on currency usage, handling, and circulation in many parts of Africa.Although the studies done in the unite States and Australia have had no major impact on policies or legislation on currency handling and circulation in those countries, they have fostered a higher level of public awareness about the potential for currency contamination by microorganisms (Dow Jones News, 1998 FSA, 2000 Michaels Jiang Doyle Pope et al. ). In the United States, a whole division of the Department of exchequer deals with what is termed mutilated currency, and the department Web site boasts many examples of beleaguered, burned, buried, water- change money (Siddique, 2003).Isolation of various bacterial contaminants from the curr ency notes was performed via standard techniques described previously (Gilchrist, 1993 Singh et al. , 2002). Briefly, a sterile, cotton-tipped swab moistened with sterile physiological saline was used to swab both sides of the currency note. The swabs were directly inoculated on blood agar and MacConkey agar. The pairs of inoculated media were incubated aerobically at 35-37C for 24 hours and then examined for bacterial growth according to standard protocol described previously (Cheesbrough, 2000).The authors isolated bacteria by assessing colony characteristics and Gram chemical reaction, and by conducting catalase and coagulase tests hemolysis, sugar fermentation, and other biochemical tests, including tests for indole production, citrate utilization, and urase activity triple sugar iron (TSI) agar tests (for glucose, sucrose, and lactose fermentation) gas and hydrogen sulfide production tests and oxidase tests, according to protocols described previously (Cheesbrough). Bacteria we re identified but were not quantified.Microbial contaminants can be transmitted directly by hand-to-hand contact or indirectly via food or inanimate objects like banknotes and doorknobs or other objects that come into contact with multiple human hands. Banknotes may be contaminated during storage and exchange, with lower-denomination banknotes receiving the most handling and therefore more contamination (Abrams Waterman, 1972). In general, a considerableer number of bacteria have been reported on banknotes than on coins. Banknotes are an excellent transport medium for different types of microorganisms because they are commonly passed among individuals.Thus, handling money may be a route for transmission of infections (Xu et al. , 2005). We analyzed a sample of 70 20peso bills to isolate and diagnose bacteria or yeast that may be present on the surface of these banknotes. A upstart study that included 1,280 banknotes from 10 countries, including Mexico, reported that pathogens cou ld only be isolated after enrichment and their mere presence did not appear to be alarming (Vriesekoop et al. , 2010). The authors discussed that the presence of bacteria on banknotes is influenced by the material used for the banknotes (polymer based vs. otton based) and the age of the banknotes. They stated that the average number of bacteria encountered on the polymer banknotes was approximately 25% of that found on cotton-based banknotes (Vriesekoop et al. , 2010). That study showed a lower percentage of contamination in Mexican banknotes in comparability to banknotes from China, the U. S. , the UK, and the Netherlands, among others. We analyzed only polymer-based banknotes in good condition, but the presence of contamination was detected in most banknotes analyzed without any enrichment procedure.In that study, the only contaminations detected in Mexican banknotes were E. coli, S. aureus, and a low percentage of Bacillus cereus, which were interpreted as an indicator of poor hy giene, background microorganism, and the ability of spore-forming bacteria to persist on banknotes, respectively. In our study, we detected S. aureus and Bacillus spp. but we did not detect E. coli. It is important to point out that the 10-country study included currencies obtained only from food outlets and for this reason the results from that study and ours cannot strictly be compared. Source Microbial Contamination in 20-Peso Banknotes in Monterrey, Mexico Rocha-Gamez, Judith Tejeda-Villarreal, capital of Minnesotaa Nelly, QCB Macias-Cardenas, Patricia Canizales-Oviedo, Jorge Garza-Gonzalez, Elvira et al. Journal of Environmental Health 75. 2 (Sep 2012) 20-3. ) In another study, entitled Potential for Parasite and Bacterial Transmission by Paper Currency in Nigeria, Bacteria that were isolated were Streptococcus species (21. 6 percent), Staphylococcus species (12. 8 percent), Escherichia coli (13. 2 percent), and Bacillus species (5. 6 percent).Among dirty/mutilated currency not es, parasite contamination and bacterial contamination were both significantly (p . 05) more pervasive (30. 6 percent and 73. 8 percent, respectively) than they were among clean and mint currency notes. Lower-denomination notes were more likely to be contaminated than were higher-denomination notes, although the difference was not statistically significant (p . 05). Personal hygiene to reduce risk of infection is recommended. Microbial contaminants may be transmitted either directly, through hand-to-hand contact, or indirectly, via food or other inanimate objects.These routes of transmission are of great importance in the health of many populations in developing countries, where the frequency of infection is a general indication of local hygiene and environmental sanitation levels. (Cooper, 1991). Paper currency is widely exchanged for goods and services in countries worldwide. It is used for every type of commerce, from buying milk at a local store to trafficking in sex and drugs . All this trade is hard on currency, with lower-denomination notes receiving the most handling because they are exchanged many times (Gadsby, 1998).Bacteriological analysis indicated that 133 (53. 2 percent, 95 percent CI 47. 02-57. 39) of the second batch of 250 notes were contaminated with bacteria 37 (52. 9 percent) of the 70 clean notes and 96 (73. 8 percent) of the 130 dirty/mutilated notes. uncomplete parasite ova nor bacteria were found on the mint notes. Contamination was related to denomination of currency. Contamination with bacteria was most prevalent among the N5 notes (62. 2 percent) and least prevalent among the N500 notes (32. 0 percent). Contamination was also related to the physical condition of the currency.The dirty/mutilated notes also had the highest prevalence of bacterial contamination (73. 8 percent). Among the clean notes, 52. 9 percent were contaminated with bacteria. Chi-square analysis indicated a statistically significant association between bacterial contamination and currency condition (? sup 2 = 79. 030, df = 2, p. 05). In the study reported here, a random approach was adopt for currency sampling whatever money was provided was collected. The implication is that the majority of the people are exposed to dirty notes.In Nigeria, poor-currency-handling culture is widespread, and there is indiscriminate abuse of currency notes. A great majority of the populace does not carry money in wallets, and squeezing of currency notes is a common occurrence. Women, especially among the unenlightened, often place money underneath their brassieres, while men place theirs in their socks. These activities not only enhance currency contamination but may also increase the risk of infection from contaminated notes. The situation is further compounded by the inability of the Nigerian government to consistently withdraw old, worn-out, and mutilated notes from circulation.The presence of damaged currency notes and the failure to consistently withdra w them from circulation are common phenomena in many parts of Africa and Asia (Gadsby, 1998 Podhajny, 2004). The persistence of damaged or terribly mutilated notes in active circulation (some so damaged that they can no longer be stuck together) could elevate their contributory role in transmission of some pathogens, thereby constituting potential public health hazard. ( Source Uneke, C. and Ogbu, O. Potential for parasite and bacteria transmission by paper currency in Nigeria. J Environ Health, 69 (2007) 5460. (1)) CHAPTER 3RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY theatrical role of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of E. coli contamination on Philippine Peso bill on Public Utility jeepney (PUJ), specifically on twenty (20), fifty (50), one hundred (100) pesos. Subjects of the study The subject of the study is the fifteen (15) Public Utility Jeepney drivers routing Jaro-CPU and City Proper bound. On each driver, three (3) Philippine Peso bill samples with am ounts 20, 50 and 100 are to be collected. Data Gathering 45 peso bills are to be used as sample and will be collected on the month of March 2013 at around 1000 1100 in the morning.The samples will be taken randomly from 15 Public Utility Jeepney (PUJ) of Jaro Cpu Route. In each jeepney, three(3) different values 20, 50, and 100 Php are to be taken and tested, so the total number of samples is 45. The samples collected will be placed in a sealable plastic container, so as to preserve the contaminants on the peso bill. The paper bill will be brought immediately to Central Philippine University, particularly at the Medical Laboratory Science Department Research Lab for confirmatory testing of E. coli. Preparation of Laboratory Materials Needed The following are needed to conduct our study . ) Sterile cotton swab will be used in obtaining the possible contaminant on the surface of the paper bill. b. )Eosin Methylene rich Agar will be used in the confirmatory test for the presence o f E. coli The following are the apparatus needed for our study a. )Petri Dish b. )Alcohol Lamp c. )Oven All of the enumerated materials above will be borrowed from the stockroom of Medical Laboratory Science Department. A letter of permission was given to the stockroom coordinator for authorized use of the materials stated above. Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) Procedure 1.Using a sterile cotton swab, swab on the surface of the peso bill then streak it onto an EMB agar. 2. Incubate plates at 35oC for twenty-four(24) hours. 3. After 24 hours, observe the plate as follows The colonies developing on EMB agar plates may be divides as Typical nucleated with or without metallic splendor Atypical opaque, pink mucoid, non-nucleated Negative no growth or clear watery, or clear colonies version of Data Philippine peso paper bill that will give a negative reaction on the EMB agar plate is considered not contaminated with E. coli and is safe for everyday domestic use.There will be no growt h or clear watery or clear colonies. On the other hand, water sample that yielded a positive result in E. coli analysis is considered to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria and is not safe. There would be a typical nucleated with or without metallic sheen. Central Philippine University Jaro, Iloilo City College of Arts and Sciences __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ Sir/Madam, We, the 3rd yearBachelor in Medical Laboratory Science students of Central Philippine University who are soon enrolled in the subject Research is conducting a study entitled Prevalence of E. oli in Philippine Peso Bill. This is a requirement for the completion of the subject in Research 1. In line withthis, we are respectfully requesting you to be one of the respondents of our study by exchanging such peso bills 20, 50 and 100 respectively that has been collected as commuters fare. We need this data for the completion of this study. Your positive response to this req uest is highly appreciated. Thank you and God bless. Respectfully yours, JUSTINE GRACE JIMENEA ISAAC JAMES LEDESMA MAJA HANNAH LOU LOJA ROBERTO MANALO Jr. JIRAH PEDROSA Researchers Noted by DR. MA. 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