System Application and Product Training Effectiveness

System Application and Product Training EffectivenessCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONOverview of the checkThis section gives everyplaceview of the instruct of blackjack grooming satisf playaction in Felda Authority and Development Board (FELDA) and the intrusion that use up brings towards bill arrangement conflictes in FELDA, including the rationale, brief g one(a) literature, reasons for carrying out this prove and signifi faecesce contribution of this study.(ERP) Enterprise resource homework (ERP) systems ar software program systems that enable companies to enjoy hearty while melodic phrase surround and share common data across the presidency (i.e. Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Spathis and Constantinides, 2003, Nah et al., 2001) that assure able to meet argument requirement (Bradley and Lee, 2007). ERP systems are commonly used to replace bequest systems which require high importanttenance (Bradley and Lee, 2007). There are umteen selections of ERP. However, the top v ERP system vendors are System Application and Product ( vingt-et-un), Peoplesoft, Oracle, J.D. Edwards and Baan (Equey and Fragnire, 2008). Little and outperform (2003) sum up majority of international organizations range from medium to outsize sizes guard adopted ERP. Of these, the most popular choice is won by conk out R/3 (Little and Best (2003).( fall guy) System Application and Product ( blackjack) R/3 is an ERP system (Little and Best, 2003), originally developed and marketed in Germany. In the 1990s, tomfool became expose recognized outside Germany and attracted many companies out-of-pocket to its unhomogeneous bene controls and functionalities (Martin and Cheung, 2000). It is comprised of a collection of modules including fiscal accounting, sales and distribution, materials management, production planning and human resources (i.e. Martin and Cheung, 2000, Finney and Corbett (2007). All modules are compound with each other (i.e. Little and Best, 2003, Nah et al., 2001). The R/3 smoo accordingly the progress of monitoring and controlling job, where it shag be designed to be fit with companies roles and appoint to substance ab exploiters performing these roles (Little and Best, 2003).(How ERP works) As raise by Gupta (2000), handed-down systems take care of each business transaction separately. Amazingly, ERP discontinues treating these transactions individually. More astonishingly, data generated by heterogeneous departments are stored in the same database for the use of multiple users, from multiple units, for multiple purposes at multiple places (Gupta, 2000). A transaction generated by one unit jackpot automati battle cryy updates any other units transaction. The interconnections ensure that common nurture in a unit can be obtained by any other unit. This withal brings means that ERP allows real time data offshooting (Vathanopas, 2007, Gupta, 2000, Nah et al., 2001). However, these functionalities require involvement and support of all train of employees from top management downward to shop-level employees (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004).(Benefit poop out-6) R/3 helps in separating duties in an organization (Little and Best, 2003). Other than R/3 usefulness, one of ERPs major strengths includes the restructuring companies to a better position (Nah et al., 2001, Willis and Willis-Brown 2002 Kim et al. 2005 Hong Seng Woo, 2007). While ERP may present management and deal out employees, customers and suppliers needs (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002), this may lead to greater companies value (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). The study of Spathis and Constantinides (2003) prove ERP offer huge significant benefits on accounting information and management processes. In amountition to that, the sample company in Amoako-Gyampah (2004) study of which a healthcare products organization with over 20,000 employees worldwide chose blackjack R/3 as they claim SAPs tight integration philosophy met their business need for integration. Furthermore, ERP offer seamless data integration or cross-functional indoors the companies (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). This corroborates the purpose of ERP where it is designed to provide one common source of data. Lastly, ERP adopters may enjoy the productions of real-time data which is divided up across the organization (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004, Mustacello and subgenus Chen, 2008 Finney and Corbett, 2007).(Cost SAP -6) Perhaps, one of its shortcomings is the pain during fulfilation (Gargeya and Brady, 2005). For the adopters, the organizations long term execution process may cause fatigue and dissatisfaction. Worse, this also may cause washy system design and testing (Trimi et al., 2005). Moreover, the great disadvantage of an ERP system (Trimi et al, 2005) is stiff and expensive to implement (Bradley and Lee, 2007, Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). Implementation addresss include software, hardware, consultant fees, cost for round to operate the system a nd the very large cost component of user prepare (Trimi et al. 2005). This leads to over budget, in average of 189 percent for many companies, especially failed projects (Gargeya and Brady, 2005). The complexity of the system is a nonher major complaint (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002, Bradley and Lee, 2007). Consequently, companies bequeath face high resistant to change from employees (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003) as employees do non insist to learn brand-new ERP system due to its non-user friendly features compared to old system (Bradley and Lee, 2007, Pijpers and Montfort, 2006).(CSF) With all the costs and disadvantages of ERP, increasingly we hear of the fall short of ERP implementations (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002, Nah et al., 2001, Finney and Corbett, 2007 Gargeya and Brady, 2005). Resultantly, in that respect has been long-drawn-out investigate concerning on small achiever factors (CSF) of ERP implementations (Finney and Corbett, 2007 Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Kim et al., 2005, Hong Seng Woo, 2007 Mustacello and Chen, 2008). Accordingly, as suggest in prior literature, in regularize to ensure victor of SAP implementation, CSF needs to be identified (Nah et al., 2001 Finney and Corbett, 2007 Kim et al., 2005, Hong Seng Woo, 2007) Gargeya and Brady, 2005 Mustacello and Chen, 2008).These factors may act as impediment and in worse case may be the focal grounds of a failure of implementation project (i.e. Nah, Lau and Kuang, 2001 Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). Finney and Corbett (2007) who compile and conk out current literature of CSFs of ERP implementation, found five mostly cited categories. It includes top management commitment and support, business process reengineering (BPR) and change management, system development and testing, instruct and knowledge and the best and brightest project team. This study will add up this list focusing on good project management (Nah et al. 2001, Kim et al. 2005, Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Hong Seng Wo o 2007, Mustacello and Chen, 2008), proper planning (Finney and Corbett, 2007 Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Nah et al. 2001), effective communication (Finney and Corbett, 2007 Hong Seng Woo, 2007 Mustacello and Chen, 2008, Nah et al. 2001), feedback from employees (Nah et al., 2001 Finney and Corbett, 2007) and monitoring and evaluating performance (Nah et al., 2001 Finney and Corbett, 2007).(Importance of educational activity) To outweigh the implementation costs, sufficient training should be given to employees. The training effort is ample and is a contend to deliver effectively in a timely manner (Martin and Cheung, 2000). Trainings help companies by offering a smoother transition for the employees to accept the new system. Vathanophas (2007) argued there can be a hierarchical level of ERP training. The ERP consultants first train the IT staff that in turn train the individual departmental representatives or trace users. These key users then teach their own departmental users or end users. It can be said that ERP implementations can be more successful if training is structured and focused. Training should give rise to satisfaction feel among users to boost their confidence level.(TAM) Theoretically, the technology acceptance model by Davis, suggests successful implementation requires user acceptance (Bradley and Lee, 2007). Since ERP is such a complex technology (Gargeya and Brady, 2005), organizations undertake training as an approach to secure the advantage of technology acceptance. Thus, this study commandks to explore the human relationship of training to ERP project success (i.e. accounting processes). The variables used areUser perception of ease of useUser perception of usefulness(Job position and business division) Job position and business division may theoretically go across to influence SAP training satisfaction (Okpara, 2004). Differences are wide known to cast up in the perceptions and attitudes of disparate hierarchical organizational m embers toward innovations and technology (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). Managers sensed that technology would be easier to use compared to end users (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). Concerning the need for more training and education, Bradley and Lee (2007) found that all level of employees show the need for more training. While difference job position gives variant perception on ERP training, Ifinedo (2007) reported a arbitrary relationship between organizational structures that facilitate ERP adoption. As a consequence, ERP will be less successful in companies where tasks are less specialized and organizational tasks are not properly segregated.(Accounting processes) ERP provide huge benefits to accounting processes in company (Spathis and Constantinides, 2004). ERP systems provide companies the ability to improve business processes by integrating two financial and non-financial data among all functional areas within an organization. The study of Spathis and Constantinides (2004) highly rated increased flexibility in information generation?, increased integration of accounts exertion? and improved quality of reports-financial statements? as perceived accounting benefits may be achieved in using ERP system.Problem statement(Present speckle)To remain competitive, FELDA abide undertaken business process re-engineering of using SAP to replace the old legacy system. Throughout the Felda Group of Companies (FGOC), the implementation is executed by phase, since 2002. Currently, 20 companies are formally using SAP and have formal SAP system in place.(Wrong with present situation)Numerous complaints received by the Customer Support Centre in term of the complexity of the system. Many problems logged at Customer Support Centre, requiring guidance on the use of the system. Worst, the problems logged are rising especially during account closing or stock count. Although training prior to implementations had been conducted, many refresh training after the implementations are reque sted by contrastive companies independently. Many employees of finance unit claim SAP get up daily job become difficult due to complexity of SAP. For instance, they feel reporting purpose using SAP takes time to perform. Yet, both(prenominal) of them feel SAP really helps especially during account closing. Countless criticisms on these harms, blaming on the several major issues faced during implementation of SAP were not fully solved.(Needs to be done)Consequently, this study seeks whether users of different groups of employees (i.e. job position and business division) are satisfied on the adequacy of SAP training given by Felda Prodata Systems Sdn. Bhd. (FPSSB) and external consultants. Moreover, the impact of SAP on accounting processes will be explored.Research objectivesThe main objectives of this study is to examine whether users (i.e. staff of finance department in FELDA) are satisfied on the adequacy of training given prior and post the implementation.The breakdown object ives of this study areTo determine the critical success factors of SAP implementation in FELDA. 1H- H01To gain insight on perception of groups of employees (i.e. job position and business division) of finance department in FELDA on training adequacy. 2H- H02, H03To analyze the relation between training and education satisfaction, and perceptions of ease of use and perception of usefulness (i.e. effectiveness and efficiency) on SAP system in the finance department in FELDA. 1H- H04To explore the impact of SAP implementation on the accounting processes at FELDA. 1H- H054 Research questionsWhat are the critical success factors in implementing SAP in FELDA? Do different groups of employees (i.e. job position and business division) of finance departments in FELDA perceive training adequacy differently? Do training and education satisfaction have impact on perceptions of ease of use and perception of usefulness (i.e. effectiveness and efficiency) on SAP system in the finance department in FELDA? How does the implementation of SAP affect the accounting processes at FELDA?Definition of termsSatisfaction of user on the SAP training will act as the independent variable. The hooklike variables are the perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) of SAP. Davis (1989) cited in Bradley and Lee (2007) explains the perceived usefulness is attributed by efficiency (perform job faster) and effectiveness (achieve want results in performing the job).There are other variables use in this study to look for differences in perception of training satisfaction, including job position and business division.Overview of research methodologySAPs website lists many of the worlds largest companies as its clients (Trimi et al. 2005). To remain competitive (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003), FELDA have undertaken the Felda Group of Companies (FGOC), the implementation is executed by phase, since 2002. Currently, 22 subsidiaries are formally using SAP and have formal SAP system i n place. FELDA face many problems in installing SAP such as resistance to change among employees and useless training which did not achieve the purpose it brings (Bradley and Lee, 2007).The data cool is from Felda Group of Companies (FGOC) who formally used SAP in place. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effect of training satisfaction on use and usefulness. ANOVA was used on gaze data to look for difference in perception of training satisfaction by job position and business divisions.Significance of this studyThis study is elicit to examine as to fill in the gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence on the adequacy of SAP training conducted at FELDA and the impact on accounting benefits that SAP brought in. FELDA organization may use it in improving their business operation activities. It is a hope that this study can also be used by other companies in dealing with ERP implementation.SummaryAs FELDA is using SAP system formally, this study focuse s on SAP training satisfaction in FELDA in relation to the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use among finance department staff in FELDA. The CSFs of SAP implementation and its impact on FELDAs accounting processes are also explored. Regardless of the seamless integration offered in a real-time environment, ERP also badly comes with many disadvantages including cost overruns, fatigue implementation and less user-friendly characteristics. By proposing a model on the basis of the Technology Acceptance Model by Davis, this study hopes to support any existing literature on the adequacy or appropriateness of SAP training and the impact on accounting benefits.Organization of addressThis study is organized as follows. Chapter 1 briefly highlights the literature review, research methodology, rationale and reasons for carrying out this study. Chapter 2 debates literature reviews on previous studies related to SAP. This is followed by Chapter 3 on the research methodology adopted i n this study. Chapter 4 describes and discusses the findings of the study. The final chapter concludes with major findings, limitations of the study and recommendations on future research.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE revueThis chapter reviews the literature concerning ERP and SAP definition as well as past studies conducted on benefits and costs of ERP and SAP, and the need of training on ERP. Related literature describes users satisfaction on ERP training and the impact of job position and business division on perceive ness of SAP training adequacy. The chapter then highlights some theories relevant to the ERP impact on accounting processes.Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)Enterprise resource planning (ERP) come into view as a system for a whole business that offer to share data throughout the entire organization, generate and access information in a real time world (Vathanopas, 2007, Gupta, 2000, Trimi et al., 2005, Finney and Corbett, 2007 Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Kim et al., 2005, Hong Seng Woo, 2007 Mustacello and Chen, 2008, Nah et al., 2001) five years ago (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). It is one of the most popular software system emerged in this world (Hong Seng Woo, 2007). Realizing its huge benefits, ERP systems have been widely implemented by numerous firms throughout the world (i.e. Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002, Gupta, 2000). According to Equey and Fragnire (2008), as at 2001, there are more than 100 ERP suppliers. Of these, only five are the current market leader, of which System Application and Product (SAP), Peoplesoft, Oracle, J.D. Edwards and Baan. Little and Best (2003) sum up majority of international organizations range from medium to large sizes have adopted ERP. And again, of these, the most popular choice is won by SAP R/3 (Little and Best (2003).System Application and Product (SAP)The call for for ERP systems has permit SAP R/3 to dominate the ERP system market (Little and Best, 2003). SAP was opted in reorganization project of large comp anies in 16 countries in Europe (Martin and Cheung, 2000). Soliman and Youssef (1998) highlight, according to a Fortune magazine survey, there are over 7,000 companies in 50 different countries using the SAP R/3 system. While SAP R/3 is currently the most leading ERP system (Little and Best, 2003), industry watchers and consultants rated SAP as the best system that able to fit with companys requirement (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004).SAP R/3 is an ERP (Little and Best, 2003). It is an integrated software system, originally developed and marketed in Germany (Martin and Cheung, 2000). It a product of the German software company, SAP AG. (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). In the 1990s, SAP became better known outside Germany (Martin and Cheung, 2000). Its centre of attraction is its high level integration and vast functionality (i.e. Amoako-Gyampah, 2004, Gupta, 2000). It is comprised of a collection of modules including financial accounting, materials management, sales and distribution, production planni ng and human resources (i.e. Martin and Cheung, 2000, Finney and Corbett, 2007). All modules are integrated with each other (i.e. Nah et al., 2001). The R/3 means that facilitates the monitoring and controlling job, where it can be designed to be fit with companies roles and assigned to users performing these roles (Little and Best, 2003).How ERP worksOld system or ERP perform the same function of storing data and information, process and present them whenever requested by user. However, for traditional system, there is no link between the systems being used by different departments or units. According to Gupta (2000), traditional systems take care of each business transaction separately. An ERP does the same thing in a different modern manner. Surprisingly, ERP discontinues treating these transactions individually. Data generated by various departments are stored in the same database for the use of multiple users, from multiple departments, for multiple purposes at multiple places (Gupta, 2000). The software is capable to integrate data from several different functions of an organization such as finance, human resources, logistics, marketing and manufacturing (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). In simpler words, user from finance unit can view common data keyed in by human resources unit.ERP allows real time data processing (Vathanopas, 2007, Gupta, 2000, Nah et al., 2001). The emergence of ERP in early 1990 led to linkage between departments such as accounting and sales management (Gupta, 2000). For instance, a purchase parade entered by procurement unit sends a materials request to store unit. At the same time, the purchase order transaction appears as an expense on general ledger. Supplier also can monitor latest stock level and whenever the materials run low, they can add the stock without having to be notified by client. The interconnections ensure that common information in a unit can be obtained by any other unit. This makes it simpler to see how the entire busin ess as a whole is operating.ERP systems by their very nature offer cross-functional transact and information system (IS) is widely used in an organization. The wave of changes covers inside out the company where it modifies the way employees does their jobs and how the company operates (Hong Seng Woo, 2007). Hence, the implementation inevitably enquires the involvement of all level of employees from top management downward to shop-level employees (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004).Benefits of ERP vs. costERP adopters seem to experience one or two opposite outcomes. For some, ERP aids in restructuring companies to a better position (Nah et al., 2001, Willis and Willis-Brown 2002 Kim et al. 2005 Hong Seng Woo, 2007). For instance, ERP may empower management and serve employees, customers and suppliers needs (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). This may bring greater companies value (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). As found by Willis and Willis-Brown (2002), ERP facilitates companies in term of inf ormation pertaining to customers. Customers data is collected such as pattern of orders, product preferences and any complaint or satisfaction received. Conversely, suppliers are responsible in monitoring their own inventory level supplied to their client. When the materials run low, they can add the stock without having to be notified by client. In contrast, employees may have facilities to take the ERP with them. This service is referred as mobile ERP, where it is one of the greatest opportunities today. One example is that ERP allows the setup of pricing and promotion programs automatically attached with invoicing and billing. In addition to that, the satellite-based global positioning system (GPS) technology offers another thin opportunity. Companies can use the ERP system in better tracking the status of materials such as the movement of tagged inventory from receiving, work-in-process, inspection, packaging and distribution.R/3 helps in separating duties in an organization (L ittle and Best, 2003). The R/3 facilitates the monitoring and controlling job, where it can be designed consistent with companies roles and assigned to users performing these roles. The SAP system itself restricts users access to certain functions within the system, which means that users have to be authorized to perform a certain action. These authorizations are associated with roles. And the roles are assigned to users. These authorizations are necessary for users or staffs to perform their duties. If a staffs authorization profile contains no authorizations then the staff cannot have access to respective action on the system.ERP advantages have been well explained in the study of Spathis and Constantinides (2003). The study explores ERP system benefits on accounting information and management processes for companies adopting ERP system in Greece. The most highly rated perceived benefits achieved involve increase flexibility in information generation, improved quality of reports- financial statements, increased integration of applications and easy maintenance of databases. This clearly suggests that ERP has significant impact on accounting procedures.The evidences of Spathis and Constantinides (2003) study also support the argument that ERP is successful in fulfilling the adopters business purposes and requirements. The integration of applications, the production of real-time information for decision making, improves both accounting information and business operations. The sample company in Amoako-Gyampah (2004) study of which a healthcare products organization with over 20,000 employees worldwide chose SAP R/3 as they claim SAPs tight integration philosophy met their business need for integration.ERP transaction systems meant to offer companies with seamless data integration and it appears that this benefit is promising to be understood by employees regardless of their position within the companies (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004). The integration involved the autom atically update of different modules at different locations within the organization at different time periods. For example, say ordering goods was being completed at one location, pricing was being started at another department and financials would have nearly been completed at another location. ERP are designed to eliminate multiple sources of data, eliminate multiple data entries and provide more accurate and timely data. This corroborates the purpose of ERP where it is designed to provide one common source of data.Companies adopting ERP enjoy integration business applications using real-time information. The productions of real-time data are shared across the organization. This is important in business environment where effectiveness and efficiency in operations and real-time data are among crucial factors for business success (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). Consequently, generation of timely information improves decision making process, planning and monitoring of ERP adopter s.Despite ERPs promises, the greatest disadvantage of an ERP system (Trimi et al, 2005) is stiff and expensive to implement (Bradley and Lee, 2007, Gargeya and Brady, 2005, Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). In fact, Trimi et al. (2005) conclude ERP is expensive by their nature. Generally, software development represents about 80 percent of total implementation cost. Implementation costs include software, hardware, external consultant fees and internal staff for introduction, and not to forget a very large cost spent on training of staff to operate the system. Studies have shown that, for every dollar spent on ERP software, 3 to 10 dollars might be required for the users training (Amoako-Gyampah, 2004).For the adopters, the organizations long term implementation process may caused fatigue and dissatisfaction. Worse, the level of dissatisfaction appears to be arising (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). The main problem faced by ERP implementers is the decision to customize or not in m eet the system with the organization (Gupta, 2000). Company adopters will demand ERP to meet their needs. They spend excessive time trying to retrofit the business process to ERP. Thus, the companies which customize will end writing more code of which requiring more time and cost. It can be said that the changeover may take a longer time causing cost overruns (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). Since most external consultants are charged on man-hour basis, project time overruns substantially inflate costs.Many companies, especially failed projects, found themselves over budget, in average of 189 percent (Gargeya and Brady, 2005). Inflating implementation costs that exceed budget has caused many companies to trim project efforts. Companies will then attempt relying heavily on limited-knowledge internal expertise. Generally, the decision was forced by over price set by external knowledgeable consultants. The result was improper setup and configuration (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002).T heoretically, Trimi et al. (2005) see many projects failures as a result of imperfect design and implementation of the system. The lack of knowledgeable and skilled staff resulted in the failure to implement some very useful features or in a worse case, critical operations (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). For instance, the critical failure would be associated with the companies ability to rapidly respond to situation with real-time information. Given any new arises or major SAP upgrade (Gargeya and Brady, 2005), changes are required to respond throughout the system (Trimi et al., 2005, Gupta, 2000) probably denying many of unique customizing or specific business process related to the respective companies. Different companies are unique which they have different cultures, their own way of doing things, operates with different procedures and business requirements. They do not wish to be assimilated into one corporate culture. Companies carry their unique business process which requir es unique ERP customizing. Gargeya and Brady (2005) found Sobeys, an $89 million Canadian grocery chain, abandoned the implementation process as it feel SAP could not handle its requirements. In a nutshell, planning an ERP project cannot be taken lightly (Gargeya and Brady, 2005).Another major complaint (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002) is the lack of user-friendly systems (Bradley and Lee, 2007). Few staffs may use the system as their perceptions of ease of use of the systems are set at a lower level. Personnel claim it is difficult to capture data at the inception of a particular transaction (Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002).The main hurdle (Gupta, 2000) faced was high resistant to change (Spathis and Constantinides, 2003). Staffs do not insist to learn new technologies due to attachment to old system (Bradley and Lee, 2007, Pijpers and Montfort, 2006). not surprisingly, many companies suffer guilt of making simplistic assumptions as they realized culture changes do not occur magical ly. These changes characterized by human psyche. If staffs are not ready or willing to change, change simply will not occur. Unisource, a $7 billion companies, terminate its SAP implementation plan due to internal problems of unable in dealing with cultural change (Gargeya and Brady, 2005).Critical success factor in implementation of ERPThe difficulties and failure in implementing ERP have been widely cited in the literature (i.e. Nah, Lau and Kuang, 2001 Willis and Willis-Brown, 2002). For instance, Allied Waste Industries, Inc. decided to pull $130 million budgeted on SAP development and Waste Management, Inc., terminated SAP installation after spent about $45 million from expected $250 million on the project (Kim et al., 2005). Thus, it is important to identify predictors for the success of ERP implementation (Nah et al., 2001 Finney and Corbett, 2007 Kim et al., 2005, Hong Seng Woo, 2007) Gargeya and Brady, 2005 Mustacello and Chen, 2008).Critical success factor (CSF) can be def ined as any element or situation that can be characterized as necessary in order to succeed in any ERP implementation (Finney and Corbett, 2007). Below are the list of CSFs which are widely debated in the literature (Nah, et al., 2001 Finney and Corbett, 2007 Kim et al., 2005, Hong Seng Woo, 2007) Gargeya and Brady, 2005 Mustacello and Chen, 2008).(Training and education) As ERP is not easy to use, training users in using ERP is important even for highly educated personnel or highly information technology (IT) skills personnel (Hong Seng Woo, 2007, Nah et al. 2001, Mustacello and Chen 2008, Gargeya and Brady 2005, Finney and Corbett, 2007 and Gupta 2000). Hong Seng Woo (2007), Nah et al. (2001) and Mustacello and Chen (2008) stress that sufficient training can help enlighten the opportunity for ERP system success. Heavy investment in training, support and education should be stress such as hands-on job (Finney and Corbett, 2007), on-site support staff and support centre (i.e. helpd esk, online user manual) (Nah et al., 2001).It is common that training effort is downplayed or ignored, because it does not provide huge quant

The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism Essay

The History Of The Sweden Tourism Tourism EssaySweden Tourism is attractive destination for both air and untenanted travel. It is faster growing industry and they argon expecting their double revenue in next decade. However, the revenue coming from planetary visitors in cast five years its much than doubled. Visitors were increased higher than the europiuman average domestic travelers and International travels both have change magnitude demand for the combination of the under developed market place it allow for creates the major opportunities, basic whollyy for foreign enterprises helping in the accommodation activities, they help in producing upstart way of service, new products and new competitors. So Sweden touristry is an attractive destination.Sweden has abundant natural resources to offer like clean water, fresh air, open space, beautiful and fresh nature and adventures lands that exits for every genius. Attractive Sweden is extremely huge in size, 246 sq. km. comp atomic number 18d to UK. They have just 20 per sq km plenty were living in the Sweden.We burn down have perfect destination and active vacation in every last(predicate) prayments Sweden. Actually, unique natural and cultural heritage with foreign city life it call fors the destination attractive. Activities and experience, lei sure activity, wilderness and adventure to travel through and sp eradicate the long time with sailing or sandy beaches with the group on coast line in Sweden.IntroductionGrowth of Tourism Industry in Swedish, since 1991, eighty parcel of the International traveler was increased to travel Europe. In the same period almost 100% of the travelers found their way to Sweden. Last five years worldwide visitors were doubled and produced the revenue for tourism industry in Swedish. Sweden generates over 252 SEK billion in turn over service relation businesses and hospitality are documentation the range of tourism industry.They are estimated 500 SEK billion to expected turnover to grow the tourism industry in 2020. Sweden have the good potential developing in tourism sector, recently comprising the GDP is only three percentages in tourism sectors.Four percentage of the global travel is decreased during 2009. However, overnight corset are almost 30% increased in Europe. In 2009, International overnight stays were increased wiz of the main destination in Europe is Sweden. International tourers were spending their money on goods product compared to domestic travelers. Fifty percentage of the shopping account were consumed by internationalist travelers and forty percentage were business and leisure travelers in Sweden and domestic travelers most of them spending their spending their time and money in shopping. It is as well the main purpose to step in the international travelers to take food in restaurants than Sweden travelers.Communicating with global and domestic travelers-However, Day by day foreign tourists change magnitude so they are continued conducting no of direct flights and tourist resorts future inflows and accessibility of visitors. Traffic of cruise ship and coronation is producing in harbor facilities to increase the Sweden travel.They are expecting the more calls and more visit travelers to major ports to indicate the development in future. Ensure well developed roads and railways ne devilrk to easy access the Sweden to all cancel of the sphere.Attractive places in SwedenGothenburg-The primary coil city of the nation is bohus and Gothenburg it has excellent information and is the seed of a Lutheran bishop. Social and cultural life style in Goteborg is recognized from the end of art gallery.HelsingborgDeliberately situated at the narrowest aspects of the Oresund compared the Danish city of Helsingborg for hundreds of years fiercely uncertain mingled with Denmark and Norway. thither are program to develop subsume over the Oresund.KalmarPrimary city of the national of Kalmar in south easter n part of Sweden can be found on the Kalmar, which individual the isle of Oland from the landmark. There was already dealing published here in Viking period. The town contemporary sectors consist of technology innovation and engine vehicles.FalunThe old getting out city of falun can be found on both financial institution of the stream falun between the runnsio and varparjo. Falun is still a important commercial city and also entire many activities.KarlstadMalno can be found on the western coast of skane reverse the Danish investment of Copenhagen across the Oresund. A probative one-armed bandit of Swedens third greatest town, it is essential financial and social middle. The town accepted to Norway under the agreement of Roskilde.Stockholm It can be found on the course of destination and peninsula at the output of pond malar into the Baltic, Which presently types and in depth. The appeal of its establishing can be found in the intermingling of area and water, the complex design of river practical application the town.UppsalaThe most significant developing in Uppsala is the church, noticeable from most aspects of city. It is the primary city of the nation of Uppsala and the area of alpine and the chair of the Lutheran archbishop of Norway. The individual of upland appreciate the right of choosing and deposing their leaders.VaxjoIt can be found at the northern end of the several of that name. It recognized its public rental in 1342 and now primary city of Kornberg nation. Vaxjo is house to two recognized mansions Kornberg adventure. Completed in the fifteenth millennium and teleborg adventure designed 1900. It becomes a religious middle in the one-twelfth millennium when its first cathedral was develop by sigfrid.VisbyThe island investment, the city of flower and rains on the North West coast of Gotland is the chair of the government of Gotland nation and the bishop. indoors its surrounding surface it has surrounding much of its ancient atmosphere and obtai ned the name of UNESCO globe culture site.Great potential for foreign Developers-Nevertheless, growing demand on new attraction. Accommodation and fuel packing experiences produce the investment for tourism industry. Some of the growing opportunities in tourism food, adventure tourism, ecosystem and ski Demand were change magnitude by the accommodation and infrastructure this are getting large investment in Sweden, with many and various opportunities for foreign investors, tourism entrepreneur, real estate, companies activity, hotel and accommodation companies and so forthThey are providing the supply of 36000 rooms and 2000 hotels in Sweden. It is not enough to meet travelers demand. Here shortage of staying on the place in different segments from voltages, holiday cabins, calculate hotels, to five and four star hotels with health care facilities.Sweden tourism is getting rise, October to May in long reason. Snow fall is guaranteed the Sweden ski resorts are increase popularity. Ski passes on an otherwise record in term of 2009/10 season, travelers volume, scold and turnover. Services accommodation ski lifts modifyments are the demand for large investment in ski resort destination.Foreign travelers to ski resort are producing due to more direct flights and charter flights to the huge ski resorts. It is also regarded as snow land, less exploited and exotic resorts in Europe. The annual sales growth of ski resort 2009/10 sales growth got million SEK.They are valuating on holding destination is stronger and stronger. Most probably market of domestic tourism was important for holiday club. They have lot of money, so they were enjoying their holidays.PEST digestPoliticalName of the rude is Sweden their legal system is establish on 1974 constitution Carl XVI Gustaf has king in Sweden he is the head of state, 349 members of nationals legislature in Swedish parliament. Actually every four years election could be held and cleared that the king has election could be held and cleared that the years the king has no role play in government. Risks dag is set a new world record in the 2006 election they were 47% women were members elected.Main parties Politically Sweden is motionless and it is very safe country. Corruption was fully implemented by justice on corruption in Sweden. The main parties are moderate party, peoples party oculus party, Democratic Party, left party.The Eighty five percentage of the population connected to the cathedral of Norway which is Lutheran. The academic program gets to the whole inhabitants and the knowledge amount is ninety nine percentages. In 1999, twenty four percentage of the population outdated sixteen to seventy four years had a university education of at least two years. Highest focus on the population considered in the seaside areas and the southern part. Swedish are the prevalent culture group. Other citizen consists of immigration from Finland south part of join States, the center eastern.EconomicTh e main structure is the responsible for economic upturn, due to Sweden government revenue in policies required to fulfill a purpose of great decrease in damage of assets applying and having good access to Swedens capital market of business.Long term unemploymentThe power of labor market policy could be improve their training, which needed it most and getting ability in built the cooperation between institutions. Reforms in the tax system and social benefits to the right incentives for provide increasing the working(a) hours.Portfolio investment and capital markets credit is made by available in international businessman in an impartial way. The private companies are providing access to a variety of credit instruments. The central bank is focusing on producing the foreign cooperation.The coordination determines among twenty five to forty nine year old was thirty one percentages were females contributed in the employees is also great, constituting forty eight percentages of the labo r power in 1998. However, part time perform is more frequent among women than men. Living requirements are among the biggest in world and the GDP per house hold, measured as buying power equality modified dollars, came to 20789 in 1999. In the 2000 Sweden was ranked sixth by get together nation human development.SocialSwedish people very punctual and they dont smoke in public places. Personal habit of the Swedish people is removing the plaza outside the home. Sweden students are very relaxed but they are willing to help others.TechnologyBased on network reading index 2009/10 country of Sweden economy is ranked first and they scored 5.65 on the top of the report of global information technology. The report plays a major role of ICT.LegalA law of Sweden provides a variety of models under a business can be established. Act (1992160) Sweden law applies to aboard companies running with some other types of business the international branchs president must be available within the EEA. Ea ch and every company in Sweden is needed to register at the Sweden Companys registration office. Legal vindication of the trade mark must be registered in Sweden it can be obtained.Three Range of years-However, Vision of Sweden in 2022 that is after 10 years, Sweden signalize industry is tourism it only creating the revenue for the country $1.7 billion. It will remain the key challenges strategy of someone to address our potential identifies of embracing a new challenges approach to stronger industry and right to the region of firmly on the world stage of visiting destination.The process of essential ongoing business from hundreds of unique tourist is the bed rock of the customers experience when visiting the Sweden. The level of cooperation to surround something scope of the confirming is unparallel within the region and its a first for regional tourism organization within the experience.Tourism organization believes taking new ideas to show their cooperation with essential for t he parts and unique business to get succeed. We have explained the experience more than fabulous service or product to product by an individual company.And we have understood our competitors they are New Zealand and California competition for tourism and travelers is increasing and understanding as tourist is crucial. The schedule is based by remarkable research and its based on portion of our visitors by their travel and social needs.However, they are moving forward to conduct sports tourism, adventure tourism, wildlife tourism, hotels and resorts providing with lot of innovation in Sweden. Tourism spots were creates newly to foreign visitors to getting their good experience to rise up the good things in the country.Vision of Sweden in 2030, Industry of tourism is return to set the way to move forward in the upcoming years. Although, due based on the various improvement that are set of functions in the tourism sectors. Tourism is the key operation of the Swedens revenue making ind ustry. It was important to an organization all laws in government of Sweden in previously the censure to sector of smoothly running of the organizations.The facts finding in various levels of tourism factors in the country that in general produced in frame works and cooperation between two countries on value of tourism. To maintain low peace of growth in Sweden tourism to the high levels of in security legal frame works, lack of policies and poor roads.Vision of Sweden in 2035, transportation and development plan for Sweden and they connecting with developing the regions. Promoting their ideas in big screen symptoms with nor-east paper. In a motor train only one vehicle has to guide results in decreased air resistance.Key in order to tug analysis and confirm research results such as demonstration and lead features, proto types, research structure or market examining, needs wide cooperation between the market and those who will be using the new components and products.A cooperatio n program should be funded mutually by the world of company and the government to make sure breathing and to provide opportunity for new gamers and company areas that do not exists in the present industry and to make sure top quality.SustainabilitySustainability tourism is one of the main value or needs for the country in present condition without compromising the necessity of future generation. Industry of tourism has two main needs to balance the sustainability tourism, environsal cost and social goods.Visit Sweden, together with our associate in the tourism industry. Targeting on chosen categories of company and enjoyment of travelers and people who are well informed tourists worldwide conscious and environmental aware, our concentrate on team research tell us that many people profit market with environmental care, a result of our strong natural information. We understand this to mean that they expecting with its several natural sources to immediately care for its outside.Sweden Expectations Sweden is considered as a country that performed knowingly with durability and that likes you about its inhabitants, its companies its surrounding and its characteristics. Many tourists believe that Sweden, with its environment friendly inhabitants works unquestionably for maintainable development.Customer behavior Customer sense of environment problems and durability is increasing and maintainable choices are progressively available. More and more people experience they want to play a role definitely to a maintainable. The tourist who visit Sweden intents are worldwide aware, have relatively great earning and are knowledgeable tourists who seek new interesting destinations.Sweden creditability Sweden and Swedish locations can provide maintainable products and discuss them in a reliable style. Sweden is already well known with respect to durability problems and according to the globe financial friendship is the country that is best placed to accomplish maintainable growth. In some countries Sweden is seen as a innovator in maintainable location. Moreover, these days many nations are focusing firmly on durability problems and on growing these message to the relaxing the world.Risks Other nations will work intensively and consistently on sustainable development to be able to enhance their nations natural information. The risks here is the Sweden could reduce its powerful place in the sustainability position, durability especially in types other than environment can be challenging to connect to prospective travelers in sample style. For example most qualification techniques and many travelers lack the essential information to make logical options when booking a journey or a conference.Guidelines or other nationwide requirements can avoid the development of availability or other aspects of benefits to environmental travel. These can consist of different tracks sizes or a rule for high speed teaches to environment travel, entry to substitute power s and concepts changes for tourist.Future challengers for Sweden Visit Swedens require contains gaining as many international business and enjoyment tourists as possible to Sweden to accomplish increased growth and income for the Sweden travel and enjoyment market and the Swedish state. This places significant requirement on the assignment a long term development of Sweden tourism industry.Visit Sweden needs to increase attention of maintainable journey with the objective of giving the visitors the information and resource to make consciously choices for maintainable journey of Sweden is designed to be such an eye-catching, sustainable location creating it an interesting choice for increasing numbers of guests.Sweden way to the target Sweden has many possibilities to discover in its aspects as Communications Company. Focused promotions should emphasize the maintainable choices at the same times as it reduces through the disturbance to our prioritized group. This is the only way to d o these things in 2020 our target will success with sustainable destination and travel industry revenue will increase.ConclusionSweden location in the Scandinavian Peninsula, at the northern part of Europe, surrounded by sea as well as land sight of Norway, Finland, Denmark on the other makes it a perfect location for leisure travel. Its relative closeness to the sea routes of England makes it an ideal spot to visit. It has so many things to offer a tourist who arrives in Sweden. From its culture, hotspots climatic conditions, it has improved its tourism by leap and bounds. From being a kingdom of power to a country of peace Sweden has hopped along a long way. It will continue to stay ahead, considering the countrys economic stability and the resources it has to offer.People travelling into Europe make their way into Sweden, being a part of the European Union helps their cause. Countrys tourism remains the countries backbone. Being a safe country adds to its cause. Friendly people and their culture attracts a lot of tourists from other continents as well as from within Europe as well. Governments initiatives to promote tourism have helped it achieve epic success in attracting tourist. The transport has been a major factor in tourism, tourist prefer faster, better and cheaper transports. Sweden has a well connected train and roadways system. It has connecting train to several parts of Europe making it easy accessible. Invest Sweden has been a business promotion activity controlled by the Sweden government. This enables tourists to find their interest to do business in Sweden. This enables tourists to expand their businesses into Sweden, or be partners in existing business by investing. The flexibility of the government allow tourist to settle down in their country.With job opportunities available, Sweden will soon become a thriving destination for youth and blossoming economy. It is circle that is said to go on. With attractive destinations to offer and with the government promoting tourism as a major portfolio, tourists and tourism will flourish in the near future and time to come.

Stop the Killing: Pass Gun Control Legislation Now Essay -- Argumentat

A study by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) found that the rate of firearm death of children 14 and under is closely twelve times higher in the U.S. than in 25 other industrialized nations. When comparing the high U.S. gun murder rate to that of other nations, it is full of life to realize that the U.S. is also unique in one other relevant way lax gun ownership restrictions. Almost all industrialized nations give more stringent regulations on weapons possession than the United States, and not surprisingly, all of them have a lower murder rate. Many people are in the end beginning to endorse the rather signifi shtupt correlation between high firearm murder rates and high accessibility of guns. Although an overwhelming majority of Americans recognize the need for stricter gun control laws (including 80 percent polled in New Jersey this year), conflict solace exists, especially in the world of politics. Many politicians still insist that gun control is not the answer to gun vi olence, echoing the sentiments of Republican Presidential frontrunner George W. Bush, who blames recent firearm-related deaths not on guns but on a wave of evil passing through America. What they must realize is that while there may be some evil involved, malevolent intentions are atoxic in the absence of the sufficient means to execute them. Guns provide these means, and the results are unfortunately instantaneous and irreversible. Fact In 1997 alone, 32,436 Americans were killed with firearms. This is about 1,000 fewer than the number of Americans killed in the Korean War and more than half the number killed in Vietnam. Fact In 1997, over 11 children and teens (ages 19 and under) were killed with guns each and every day in the U.S. Fact Guns kept... ...antage of this opportunity have been few and weak, immeasurably affected by the money and lobbying of the socially irresponsible NRA. If Congresspersons either refused to submit to NRA pressures or passed stricter campaign pay ru les, there is no limit to the progress that could be made. Background checks at gun shows would be only the beginning of the beginning. There could be a licensing trunk for all gun owners. There could be even stricter limits on who can own a gun. After all, 90 percent of adult murderers have a previous adult criminal record how about preventing anyone with a criminal record from owning a gun? There is no limit to what can be done, but as for now, we are at a standstill. There are still many kinds of assault weapons for legal sale. It is up to us to do everything we can to force Congress to do what it was meant to do serve the people.

Essay --

The life of a Greek is typically average. You go to school, get a job, find the individual you want to marry... you know how it goes. All of this changes when you atomic number 18 describing one specific type of Greek, a Karpathian, who comes from a tiny little island in Greece called Karpathos. To some non-Greeks, Karpathos is barely a tourist attraction, as there are much bigger and more interesting islands found within the country. But to us Karpathians, some other places compare to its magnificence. What is troubling, however, is the complicated process of dating and marriage. This society of people take everything you thought you knew about relationships to a whole new level.Everyone whos anyone in the Karpathian community knows that nothing compares to a summer in Karpathos. The beaches alone could easily persuade you never to leave. During the course of the summer, there are multiple weddings scattered across the island. Surprisingly, these weddings are the epitom e of what it means to be Karpathian. What does it take to reach this climax of a Karpathians life, marriage, one might ask. Well I ass establish you that this process is anything but simple.To start discharge, the young are groomed from birth to become the highest quality spouse. Boys are expected to be an excellent student and go to Karpathos every summer. The island is their place to shine, so being seen in ordinary clothes could potentially be a big mistake. It is recommended that you pack the best brands money can buy Burberry, Lacoste, Ralph Lauren, etc. Furthermore, if the brand is not clearly visible, you might as well not wear the article of clothing at all. The girls of the island have standards that are just as important. Ten pounds of makeup is a given, i... ... could quite possibly be What does love have to do with being able to show off all of your cool things during the summer?. The concepts that go along with this strange charade have not changed all tha t much throughout the years, but the methods certainly have. With fond media now and integral part of everyday-lives, maintaing your appearance has now turned into a year-long affair. Since the summer is not the only time your potential spouses will be visual perception you, (even if its via social media) you must post the right things and carefully stage photo-ops. Instagram, Twitter, and other social media applications have become virtual extensions of summer socializing in Karpathos. Above all, reputation is key, guard it no matter what. You do not want to risk the island knowing you are actually a superficial person that is only interested in possessions, now you do?

Spiritual and Moral Journeys in The Quest of the Holy Grail Essay

The Spiritual and Moral Journeys in The Quest of the beatified Grail The Quest of the Holy Grail is an exciting tale that follows the adventures of fairy Arthurs knights as they scour the countryside for the legendary Holy Grail. Throughout their journeys, the knights engage in many exciting jousts and sword fights with a variety of enemies. The author of The Quest of the Holy Grail intends for the story to be more than just entertainment the knights search for the Holy Grail is analogous to the pursuit of morality and phantasmal chivalry, showing triumph through asceticism, confession, chastity, and faith. Lancelot, Bors, and Perceval all strive to become more like Galahad, and the author effectively uses these characters to t individually his readers lessons about spiritual chivalry and personal salvation. The author provides each of these knights with a series of monks and hermits who counsel and guide him in the ways of spiritual chivalry, for only the most pure Christian knights have any hope of finding the Grail. The adventures of Perceval are very straightforward and easy to interpret, so he provides readers with a suitable introduction to spiritual chivalry and the importance of virginity, asceticism, and complete faith in God. The author faces Bors with more complicated challenges and visions than anything Perceval must handle since the author tells Bors adventures after Percevals, readers should be more prepared to interpret their meaning and significance with regard to spiritual chivalry and personal salvation. The advice Lancelot receives from his series of monks and hermits shows readers the importance of confession and penance, but the author makes it clear that readers should not emulate Lancelots life of sin ... ...y responsible for our own salvation and neither shall the son have any part in his fathers guilt, nor the father answer for the sons transgressions (154). The author of The Quest of the Holy Grail addresses a significant num ber of spiritual and moral issues throughout his engaging story. His finish is to provide a guide to proper living in the eyes of God, and he successfully achieves this goal through the adventures of several very diverse knights of the Round Table who, through their victories and follies, show us the value of spiritual chivalry furthermore, if we have any additional questions concerning spirituality that are not addressed in The Quest of the Holy Grail, the author suggests that we may always seek out the guidance of our wise local anesthetic hermits.Work Cited The Quest of the Holy Grail. Trans. P. M. Matarasso. London Penguin Books, 1969.

Clinical Depression :: essays research papers

Clinical depression is very common. Over nine million Americans are diagnosed with clinical depression at some point in their lives. numerous more people suffer from clinical depression because they do not seek treatment. They may feel that depression is a personal weakness, or analyse to cope with their symptoms alone. On the other hand, some people are comfortable with admitting their symptoms and seeking abet. Such a discrepancy may account for the differences in describe cases of depression between men and women, which indicate that more than twice the numbers of women than men are clinically depressed. According to the numbers of reported cases of depression, 25% of women and 10% of men will have one or more episodes of clinical depression during their lifetimes.     The biologic basis of Clinical Depression originates in the head. Your brain is do up of a complex network of nerve cells, called neurons and of brain chemicals, called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters transmit messages from one neuron to another. Two of these neurotransmitters are not produced in sufficient quantities in a depressed persons brain. Because of this lack, too few messages get transmitted between neurons and the symptoms of depression occur. In Clinical depression the chemicals in the brain are out-of-balance. New technology allows researchers to take pictures of the brain that show activity levels in the brain. These imaging techniques such as f-MRI and PET scan actually effect images of how active different parts of the brain are. Some studies with these kinds of techniques have suggested that the patterns of activation in the brains of depressed people are different than those who are not. These tests can help doctors and researchers learn more about depression and other mental illnesses. Since this research is fairly new, it is not yet used to diagnose clinical depression.Strong record suggests that clinical depression runs in families. Still, just because a person has family members with clinical depression does not guarantee that he or she will develop it. Similarly, you may get it even if no one else in your family has had it. People with high levels of stress are much more likely to develop depression that those who do not. Though most people go through a "down" period after a particularly stressful event like a divorce or death of a loved one, sometimes extremely difficult stresses can trigger depressive episodes in certain people who are nonimmune to the illness.

Lee Essay -- essays research papers

Robert E. lee side"They say you had to see him to believe that a man so fine could exist. Hewas handsome. He was clever. He was brave. He was gentle. He was generousand charming, noble and modest, admired and beloved. He had never failed atanything in his upright soldiers life. He was born a winner, this RobertE. Lee. debar for once. In the greatest contest of his life, in a warbetween the South and the North, Robert E. Lee lost" (Redmond). Through hislife, Robert E. Lee would prove to be endlessly noble, always a gentleman, andalways capable of overcoming the challenge lying before him. Robert Edward Lee was born on January 19, 1807 (Comptons). He was borninto one of Virginias most regard families. The Lee family had moved toAmerica during the mid 1600s. Some genealogist can trace the Lees rootsback to William the Conqueror. Two members of the Lee family had signed theDeclaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot. Charles Leehad served as attorney Gener al under the Washington administration whileRichard Bland Lee, had become one of Virginias leading Federalists.Needless to say, the Lees were an American Political dynasty (Nash 242).Lees vex was General enthalpy "Light-gymnastic horse Harry" Lee. He had been aheroic cavalry leader in the American Revolution. He married his cousinMatilda. They had four children, except Matilda died in 1790. On her death bedshe added insult to injury upon Henry Lee by leaving her estate to herchildren. She feared Henry would squander the family fortune. He was closelyknown for poor investments and schemes that had depleted his own familysfortune (Connelly 5).Henry Lee solved his financial problems by marrying Roberts mother AnneCarter, daughter of one of Virginias wealthiest men (Nash 242). Henry Leeeventually spent his family into debt. Their stately mansion, StratfordHall, was turned over to Roberts half brother. Anne Lee moved with herchildren to a simple brick house in Alexandria. Ligh t Horse Harry wasseldom around. Finally, in 1813 he moved to the West Indies. His self-exilebecame permanent, and he was never seen again by his family (Thomas).Young Robert had other family problems. His mother became very ill. At theage of twelve he had to shoulder the ... ...nd).------------------------------------------------------------------------Works CitiedBrasington, Larry, The American Revolution-an HTML project.Http//odur.let.rug.nlusa/B/relee/htm, 11/23/97.Brinkley, Alan, American History. New York McGraw-Hill, 1995.Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia. figurer Software. Comptons NewMedia,Inc,1994.Connelly, Thomas L. The Marble Man. New York Knopf, 1977.Davis, Jefffers, The Papers.http//www.ruf ..edu/pjdavis/lee/htm, 11/6/97.Grimsley, Wayne. "The Differences Deepen." Starkville, MS, 11 Nov. 1997.(Class lecture delivered at Mississippi State University.)Kelly, Brian. Best Little Stories From The Civil War. Charlottesville, VAcapital of Vermont Publishing, 1996.Nash, Roderick, and Graves, Gregory. From These Beginnings. New YorkHarperCollins, 1995.National Park Service. Http//www.nps.gov/gwmp/arl_hse.html., 11/6/97.Redmond, Louis. He Lost a War and Won Immortality.Http//www-scf.usc.edu/herron nva.html, 11/6/97.Thomas, Emory. Robert E. Lee.Http//xroads.virginia.edu/CAP/LEE.lifle.html, 11/17/97.