UNIT 2 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 2 INDIVIDUAL PROJECT 2 - Essay Examplert from the external short and long-term creditors of the society, the investors and lenders interested in a company consider ratios as an great indicator for decision making. The investors look to measure the capacity of the libertine to provide them with comme il faut return on their investment. Similarly bankers who look to lend money or advance money to any firm would use the below ratios to tax the capacity of the borrower firm to deliver the debt.As we know the primary purpose of every firm is to maximize shareholders wealth. The bottom line of the company is the prime focus for both the management and the external investors / lenders of the company. Thus, the net profit ratio helps us understand the percentage of net profit after all expenses to the total revenue of the company. It is an indicator of how well the companys management has worked not only towards accelerating revenues, optimizing costs including cost of borrowed f unds but also providers the owners an catch that there would be adequate return on their capital employed. A higher net profit would mean adequate returns to the shareholders and the lenders.Debt-Service Coverage Ratio is an important ratio for every banker or lender who is looking to finance or provide funds as borrowings to the company. This ratio is indicative of the capacity of the company to set up enough earnings before tax to ensure that the loan is being serviced. In other words, the ratio (if above 1.5) indicates that the organization makes enough earnings to repay interest and principle payments of the funds borrowed on a monthly basis. Indeed, the banker or the lender considers this ratio as a prime indicator of the capacity of the firm to repay back the debt that they fund.ROCE is one of the important ratios used to understand the return on investment or capital employed. The term capital employed center long term funds supplied by creditors and owners of the firm. Th is ratio helps in measuring or

Compare and differentiate the nature of the imagination in Tintern Essay

Compare and differentiate the nature of the imagination in Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth and Kubla caravan inn by Samuel Taylor Coleridge - Essay Exampleerences could be more marked that in Coleridges Kubla Khan, and Wordsworths Tintern Abbey, two poems that are as different in tone, submit matter, and treatment that it seems possible for two poems to be. Kubla Khan is an elaborate and sensual adventure, it is fantastical and a phonic treat, conjuring amazing, startling images in the minds eye and enacting this creation through and through the medium of sybaritic, mesmerising poetry. Tintern Abbey, on the other hand, written as it is in blank verse, is more austere and more consciously philosophical. Its dominant mode is not that of the image, further of thought, its rhythm more steady. These differences, albeit whilst they mask some similarities, are indicative of Wordsworth and Coleridges divergent understanding of the nature of the imagination.For a large part of the crit ical history of Kubla Khan, the poem has been considered as something slight, when it was published it was considered nothing more interesting that a nonsense poem. This reading is certainly a mistake and one made, I imagine, because of a misunderstanding of how to read the poem. It roll in the haynot be read, or at least to understand its significance it should not be read, on an ordinary level, for its word by word, parlance by phrase significances. Rather the very motion of the poem, its exaltation in creation is its sense the poems means of creation is equal to what is created. In other words, the mean of this imaginative poem, a poem that the imagination has slaved long over, is imagination itself.If we see the imagination at work as that which is represented in the poem, then we can also decipher precisely what the nature of imagination is in Coleridges conception. For example, in the very first stanza we see Kubla Khan decree his stately pleasure covered stadium (2). Note that he decrees it, he does not decree that it be built. Then, seemingly out of nowhere, its construction begins So twice five miles of fertile ground /

Teaching Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Teaching Plan - Research Paper Example take for teachers need to develop a proper teaching plan that consisting of learner assessment, expected outcomes, appropriate teaching strategies, and applicable theory for the teaching interventions. Facts of the Case rosemary celebrated her 27th birthday on June 12, 2013. Despite having attained this age, Rosemary has never visited a Voluntary Testing, and Counselling (VCT) centre to know her human immunodeficiency virus status. at that place are several centres and hospitals in her hometown that sample and advice people concerning their HIV status. Rosemarys parents and workmates have made several unsuccessful attempts to encourage her to visit iodin of the centres to be tested since it is necessary for her if she wants to take good care of her health. Her fiance proposed marriage to her on condition that she accept to undergo the HIV examen first. Rosemary, however, did not agree. She argued that if the fiance does not trust her, then h e can find some other partner and go ahead to marriage. One of the reasons that makes Rosemary to avoid examination her HIV status is that she fears to find out that she is positive according to her, this would accelerate her death due to increased stress. Rosemary also fears that the doctors may reveal her HIV status test results, which will traumatize her in the face of her friends and relatives. Rosemary is undoubtedly aware that she was involved in a sexual relationship with a town businessman who died of HIV/AIDS approximately three years ago. Objectives of the Teaching Plan By the end of the teaching session, the learner will be able to 1. Appreciate the necessity of undergoing the HIV test to know her status. 2. Understand how HIV/AIDS infections are spread, and the time that the virus takes to develop in the torso of human beings. 3. Identify informed lifestyle choices and changes that will maintain health despite her HIV status. 4. Enlighten the learner about the signific ance of complying with the requirements of medication and nutrition. judgement of the learner and Related Factors The learner in this case is Rosemary. Rosemary has developed a negative attitude towards HIV testing. Rosemarys beliefs that the doctors may reveal her HIV test results to her friends and family members, which may cause trauma and hatred. According to her, knowing or not knowing her HIV status does not make any difference because testing will not treat her if she is HIV positive. The factors that have led into this belief include intellectual limitations, inattention, lack of exposure to accurate information, and lack of motivation to learn. around people do not understand the significance of knowing their HIV statuses because they do not have intellectual knowledge concerning the self-care. People who work in other fields such as industrial manufacturing, engineering, teaching and serving consultants are not informed about adversities associated with HIV/AIDS infectio ns and the benefits of knowing their statuses during the betimes stages of infection (Prater, 2011). Rosemary is a mature person who is about to get married. Rosemary is a qualified accountant and a bank manager in her hometown. Regardless of her intellect in the accounting field, Rosemary has limited intellectuality about the significance of going for a test to know her status of HIV. Inattention is another cause of failure to understand the health benefits of knowing ones HIV status. Information about HIV/AIDS is one of the most cat valium themes in the print

CLOUD COMPUTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CLOUD COMPUTING - Essay Example). Moreover, smear computing consists of applications that are represented as a function on the web and the provision of hardware / software work provided by companies operating data centers. Likewise, the services provided over the Internet are referred as (Software as a Service) SaaS. There are few sellers who use the term (Infrastructure as a service) IaaS and (Platform as a service) PaaS in order to demonstrate their products and services. However, these harm are avoided and not accepted globally, due to variation (ARMBRUST, FOX et al. 2010). The Commerce Departments National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have illustrated some utile definitions that focus on three concepts (Ryan, Loeffler 2010) confuse infrastructure as a service IaaS consists of provisioning elementary computing resources. Cloud software as a service SaaS access software application that operates on a cloud infrastructure. Cloud platform as a service (PaaS) pro vides the accessibility to users for implementing and developing applications with programming voice communication and tools supported by the providers. The core components of a cloud are consists of the data center hardware and software. When these resources are made available to the populace, they are referred as public clouds and the service provided by the cloud is called as utility computing. Moreover, private clouds are only available to private organizations and are not accessible by public. Accordingly, cloud computing is the combination of SaaS and utility computing (ARMBRUST, FOX et al. 2010). Current Trends Information Technology organization has already invested trillions since the 1990s, to contribute in reshaping cloud computing. For instance, a general slogan from Sun that was Network is a computer was recognized in 1980s. Furthermore, salesforce.com, a SaaS enabled website is providing services since 1999. Today, cloud computing represents a more innovative and rich approach, in order to provide online services along with online operating systems. Microsoft Azure provides an online operating system along with the set of development tools and services. Moreover, Google Docs provides online word processors along with spreadsheets and notification applications similar to Microsoft Office. Furthermore, Google Apps gives the freedom to the developers to execute their codes and applications on Google infrastructure. Sun Microsystems provides computing power by charging $1 per hour for one CPU. In addition, Amazon provides web services named as EC2 and S3. Moreover, Yahoo has also announced recently that it will utilize Apache Hadoop framework that will enable users to work on thousand of nodes and one million bytes of data. Accordingly, the contribution of cloud computing is covering every aspect of computation required for small, medium and large businesses (Han 2010). Benefits Cloud computing provide many hail effective short term and long-t erm benefits. The organizations can avail services from multiple cloud-computing providers, to improve computerized business processes and high availability of services within the organization. Cloud computing also provides standardization of APIs, by operating on compatible applications to enable hybrid cloud computing. Moreov

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essay Example for Free

Determining Databases and Data Communications EssayIn this melodic theme the writer go forth seek to respond to the questions designated for both scenarios. This paper will list typical fields for each(prenominal) type of data. Provide an example of two relationships that you need to track. This paper will alike answer the questions of Do you need a database system? If not, can outmatch handle the data and the output? What atomic number 18 the advantages and disadvantages? Would you use a somebodyal database or an enterprise database? Explain your answer. Would a decision support system (DSS) be helpful? Explain your answer. When directing companies who stimulate diligently with instruction processing system technology, it becomes increasingly imperative to have an adequate knowledge of the technology that is obtainable. This will lease those who have to manage information to make the most effective preference concerning what technology should be used for the company. In the two scenarios, making the outperform choices in technology allows the manager to best confer time and energy with superficially formidable responsibilities. For instance, in the first scenario, an marketing service of a consumer electronics company is asked to not only maintain the stalls for various carry on shows from beginning to end, but is also asked to control that there any issues that arise during the delivery of the products are resolved. First, it is important to realize what information should be maintained in order to best ensure that the tools that are used during the mickle shows. In cases like these, it would be important to have a list that details what displays, equipment and booths are indispensable for specific trade shows, as soundly as when the displays, equipment, and booths should be shipped to the area and back. For example, if a trade show located in Tulsa, OK only needed one booth with one display in order to accommodate the space, it would b e the job of the marketing partner to ensure that the various personas make it to Tulsa, as rise up as ensure that the booth and display made it back to the office for future use it would be necessary to know when it would be sent, as soundly as when it will be delivered back (which could be maintained with the knowledge of the delivering postal tracking number). In order to keep track of what is necessary for each trade show, there are several technological tools that would be instrumental in maintaining the information that will be transmitted.While one could use an Excel to begin the process of tracking the information that is needed, it would not be the best method of collecting that type of information, and it could be overwhelming over time. A database, on the other hand, could handle the information that is contained, and would allow the marketing assistant to create reports later on that can be used to analyze what changes could be made in the future whether it is making earlier shipments in order to ensure that it reaches an area on time, etc. (Middleton, 2009). Since there would only be one person keeping track of the information, it would not be necessary to create an enterprise database, which would have the capabilities of being made available to other departments within the company (Web Definition, 2012). This would allow one person to maintain the pertinent information that other departments may need without having too many people managing information, which could lead to confusion regarding where equipment is or what is needed for certain trade shows. Also, in order to maintain the large amount of information that would come from managing various trade shows, it would be necessary for the marketing assistant to have a decision support system, which is a computer system that is designed to provide assistance in determining and evaluating alternative courses of action by acquiring data from the mass of transactions of a firm, by analyzing it with advanced statistical techniques to extract meaningful information, and by narrowing down the range of choices by applying rules based on decision theory (Web Definition, 2012). This will allow the marketing assistant to gain better knowledge of what could be improved upon for future trade shows. In the second scenario, technology has to be used in order to manage a consulting team of seven, some of whom work in an office and others who work from home. In this case, ensuring that there is equal entreibility to each employee is paramount to maintaining the business. A wide area interlock, or fed up(p), would help to accommodate the needs of employees who are workings in the office as well as those who work from home. The WAN would create several LAN connections that would allow workers to the same access to important information regardless of where they are (John, 2009). Also, for projectsthat more than likely will be time-sensitive, employees within the consulting team will have access to the printers and other equipments that is a part of the network, so that tasks are completed in a incidentally manner (John, 2009). While there are certain security risks with using WAN that includes the potentiality infiltration from people other than employees and the possible placement of viruses that would threaten the maintenance of information that is stored, the use of anti-virus programs and other programs would help to protect the computers and information that they have, and the benefit outlying(prenominal) outweigh the potential risks. Also, a radio set access would better assist the team in completing tasks in unalike areas.Like WAN, wireless access would assist employees in gaining pertinent access to the information may normally be stored in in the office. For a consulting team who works in different areas, privacy and computer protection become a relevant problem that can be addressed with creating a virtual private network, or VPN. A VPN would ens ure that the information that is held at the office for the team remains on a network that would only be accessible by the team, and it would prevent others who are not a part of the team from placing viruses on the computers or accessing the information, which could greatly hinder the completion of tasks and the accessibility of information. When considering what wireless networks should be used, cost as well as features must be considered. Excel documents often help to organize this information in order to assist leaders in making decisions regarding the best wireless network to purchase. For instance, if a wireless network is priced low but does not offer the speeds or other features necessary to operate for a company, the network would not be good to expend money on. However, it could be equally dangerous to expend a lot of money on a wireless network that has a lot of features that may or may not be used. As a result, this requires that a company list the various features that would be necessary for the functioning of the company. The company can then review the list of features that are included for wireless networks that they are considering, listing the price of each network. This allows them to see to it the wireless network that best meets their companys needs without paying a lot of money for it. In conclusion, having a working understanding of the technology that is available to a company can help managers make wise and efficient choices regarding what tools should be used. In the first scenario, using databases in comparison to excel documents allows the marketing assistant to properly track equipment that is used on a daily basis, as well as track where it is being shipped to. In the second scenario, using WAN or wireless networks allow a team to maintain access to pertinent information that could help employees complete tasks in a timely manner regardless of their location. In these ways, technology assists companies in maintaining their busine ss.ReferencesDecision Support System. (2012). Decision support system. Retrieved from http//www.decisionsupportsystem.info/Middleton H. (2009). Maintaining a relational vs. flat file marketing database. Retrieved from http//www.dbmarketing.com/articles/Art223.htmCharlene N. (2010). Benefits of create maintaining a database. Retrieved from http//www.reviveprojects.com.au/blogs//2010/10/06/benefits-of-developingmaintaining-a-customer-database-Web Definition. (2012). Enterprise data. Retrieved from www.dataclaritycorp.com/cognos-glossary.html

Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy EssayThe significant role of schools in teaching the population of students is one way to ramp up sure that the society will have a bright future. However, in the cases wherein inappropriate teaching methods are used, this dream may be compromised. A genuinely clear example is the teaching of creationism. Creationism is a perspective that identifies a certain supreme being to be the main perpetrator of the existence of the universe, including humanity (Ruse, 2007).thither is an identifiable group of people who primarily believes in this notion. And because of that sectarian acceptance, there was a time when schools became a subject of intention in propagating this idea. In a much greater sense, creationism should never be taught in schools primarily because of the compromising effects it will bring towards the molding of the students. The topic is very much relate towards the philosophy of a person and do not give up any signi ficant learning attribute.This is in direct contrast to the mission of the school to provide only the type of learning methods based on exact, credible and scientifically formulated aspects of knowledge. Creationism tends to be of religious in nature. It always inhibits the natural flow of scientific process to learn the observable and logical way of nature. As a result, it is very possible that students may get confused about their own experience about the universe and everything about it.They may leave the pre-conditions of scientific knowledge in favor of an easier to understand notion of creationism. Moreover, there may be cases in which some students may feel deprived of their rights to believe what they want to according to their respective philosophies in life. Creationism is a biased form of belief which only bases its political theory to a personal intuition. References Ruse, M. 2007. Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved January 14, 2008 from http// plato. stanford. edu/entries/creationism/.

Factors That Has Helped Four Seasons Hotel Tourism Essay

Factors That Has Helped quartet Seasons Hotel Tourism EssayThe main reason behind the preparation of this assignment is to analyse the case study about the factors that has helped quad Seasons hotel to obey initially and understanding and appreciating the different offset strategies that argon choose and implemented by intravenous feeding Seasons in differentiate to be one of the successful in operation(p) alliance in hospitality industry. This assignment withal discusses the various downturns that the hospitality industry has faced over the years and how quartet Seasons dealt with the touch in order to survive in the railway line. Moreover, in the assignment, the unique business model of 4 Seasons hotel is comp bed and relate to different theories such as value chain analysis which shows how quatern Seasons hotel is able to screw their stakeholders expectations.In addition, I have given whatsoever recommendations for Four Seasons hotel, to sustain in the hotel busin ess.Company ProfileFour Seasons Hotels and Resorts, the worlds leading hustler of highlife hotels with a history spanning quatern decades and a portfolio that extended worldwide. It is one of the worlds pornographicgest and finest chains of luxury hotels which have developed from one motel started by Isadore sharp 1961 in downtown Toronto Canada, to 82 luxury hotel properties in 34 countries worldwide.Four Seasons owns its own hotels, principally under the Four Seasons and Regent names, as well as some others, including the Ritz-Carlton in Chicago and the Pierre in New York. About half the political partys earnings come from management fees, and half of it from properties it owns directly.Their spicyly admired aid grapheme helped them to become benchmark in luxury hotel securities industry.The basic operational insurance policy of Four Seasons hotel is Treat others as you would bid to be treated. Highest quality of dish up to the customers is acquired by Four Seasons by maintaining and improving their religious service monetary standards also with an in advance(p) approach and continuous development and an eye for detail ein truth single time of service.The company shifted from hotel owner to hotel operator in 1990s the companys 95% of the shares are owned by Bill Gates the founder of Microsoft and Al-Waleed Bin Talal (Prince of Saudi Arabia equally). Rest of the shares are owned by Isadore sharp CEO and company founder.Establishment of Four SeasonsFour Seasons Hotel Chain was founded in 1961, by visionary Isadore sharp with the opening of 126 retinue Inn on the Park in downtown Canada. acutely was a degree holder in architecture and non from a hotel management emphasize thus Sharp was totally new to the Hotel Business. Sharp describes himself a builder who joined his fathers business after graduation.Joining a hotel industry business was not at all in his mind or his intention till he was working on a project to build a motel. He got an ex posure with the motel project and he realised about the upcoming market of luxury hotels. The need of personalised service round the clock with the booming p substitute made him take a decision to get into Hotel business.The hotel he opened is named as The Four Seasons motor hotel which he opened with the help from his brother in law. The hotel became famous amongst the business travellers and celebrities as it had a innovative design it was different from other hotels as he built all rooms facing inwards giving a view of inner courtyard and swimming pool instead of the outside neighbourhood.Growth and expansionWith the initial success of his first hotel, the big break through which Isadore Sharp was waiting for came in 1970 by opening first Four Seasons Hotel in Hyde Park area of London. Comparatively the room judge were higher than the competitors in the 270 room hotel just now then also Four Seasons enjoyed 95% occupancy through out the year. The success came with an innovati ve sentiment of hotel weaponed with latest amenities un care old traditional hotels in London.In 1972, Sharp opened a massive 1600 room hotel convention centre in Toronto, Canada in partnership with Sheraton. It took a long time to complete the project, almost 10 years.In 1980 the economy was booming and the demand for luxury hotels increased , and thus Sharp started building hotels across the North America, later in almost every major US city, also to take an reach of real soil deals.In three decades by 1990, Four Seasons al install opened 23 hotels in three countries with net earnings of $15 million.Four Seasons became Global loss leader in 1992 with acquisition of Regent International hotels. further strong monetary base to build and procure hotel properties worldwide came in 1994 when Saudi Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal bought 25% of companys shares. They also signed a contract with Carlson Hospitality to develop and expand regent brand worldwide through establishing managem ent contracts and franchising agreements.Initial Success Factors of Four SeasonsTo combine best of small hotels with the best of large hotelsIsadore SharpHe came up with the idea of opening the forte sized hotels which was enough to give a touch of personalised service providing with a range of luxury amenities and services.Running business from Customers PerspectiveThe most effective initial dodge for Sharp was to look at the business from customers point of view. He was a innovative thinker to fulfil customers unavoidably in terms of luxury. Example When Four Seasons came into cosmosness the trend was to use flimsy towels in bathroom, he replaced that we 100% cotton towels which worked rightfully well. With experience of opening the first hotel, Sharp realised customers are ready to spend for one thing thats service. And as Four seasons most guest were business travellers and with the experience he came to a conclusion that for them Service means luxury. luxuriousness Redefin edMaintaining high quality service fag also be a brand if fork overed constantly according to Sharp. This idea provided him with the initial success in medium sized luxury hotels which gives commitment of providing homelike comforts and personalised service. Thus luxury was redefined as Service and not as decor and architecture. Quality of service comes before the hotel decor and architecture for the customers. As most of the customers for Four Seasons were business travellers Sharp commentedThey are mostly executives, often under pressure fighting commons lag, stress and the clock. We decided to redefine luxury as service.Thus the key towards Customer satisfaction was achieved by Sharp and he knew what the customers wanted unmatched service quality will give them competitive edge. Although Four Seasons charge 20% extra room rate than the closest competitors but still they were successful of maintaining high occupancy rates. Further Sharp wanted the highest personalised service quality for the guest which was possible only if employees are motivated and happy they will deliver it. Thus employee motivation, mutual compliance and empowerment played a vital role in achieving customer satisfaction. And thus he introduced the golden blueprint.Golden ruleSharp refer to his first business rule as Golden rule treat your customers as you want to be treated. This became the operational policy for Four Seasons. Every employee is a member of customer service and in charge of it.And he believed employees are the most important part of Four Seasons hotel because there is very limited time in which service encounter takes place unlike other industries. And the employee has to give his best to maintain proper service standards thus upsurge of screening and interviews are done to escort the right candidate is selected for right job.InnovationInnovation contributed a lot in the initial success of Four Seasons. Most of the luxurious amenities and services like Shampoo in the shower, bathrobes, 24 hour room service, two- line phone in guest room, crush iron, 24 hour secretarial service, big well lit desk were the First to be introduced by Sharp and Four Seasons. The Custom made mattresses is now became the standard of luxury hotels which was Sharps favourite.Vision of Isadore Sharp Provide each and every thing in the guest room that will make the customer happy.Growth Strategies adopted by four seasonsInitial success for Four Seasons did built a platform for them to grow world wide. It created a network of mid sized luxury hotel in almost all key financial cities all over the world.During this member Four Seasons adopted numerous different growth strategies as follows cross off name is competitive advantageThe biggest asset for Four Seasons group was their brand name which was not responsible for their initial success but also a part of their global expansion outline.The core business strategy for four seasons wasto continuously improve their ma rket position and profitability to ensure the competitive advantage while obtaining new management contracts worldwide.Strategic relationship with investorsWith the help of strategic relationships with many small private institutions earlier helped them to expand their opportunities worldwide. Prince Alwaleed bin Talal bought 25% of company shares and with his major investments in Four Seasons which helped them to enter in new markets as well the self-possession was not of Four seasons so it served their primary objective of being a management company.From Hotel owner to Hotel operatorsTheir unique business development model stated they wanted to be a hotel chain operator than hotel chain owner. It has ownership of only three hotels out of their sixty three hotels.Under this unique business model Four seasons hotel doesnt have a burden of ownership, the major great is brought by the partners with whom Four Seasons developed strategic relationships.There is wide range of management fees (base fee, incentive fee, sales and marketing charge and reservation charge) for providing these services to the owner.How Four Seasons responded to economical downturns?Four Seasons faced economic downturns in different years in four decades 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 in the following years 74, 81, 91, 2001. And all of them made a significant impact on Four seasons strategy.The hotel business during the time of recession were mainly affected byIncreased interest rates andDecrease in market pricesWith the increased airfares and the increased occupancy rates the tourism was badly affected. Executives of the company were travelling less and the leisure facilities were decreased for the executives which affected the hotel and tourism market.moreover increased terrorism affected hotel and tourism market.There were drastic steps taken by different hotel operators by cutting labour cost, lowering prices buy Four seasons believed that the industry is going to return to normal soon and I sadore Sharp adopted exactly the other way. He took the challenge during the time of recession and aphorism the opportunity to develop the hotels. He told his executives about his thoughts that when our competitors are lowering standards we will raise oursThe different actions taken by Four Seasons as an answer to economic downturns areFour Seasons followed their words to look after their employeesDuring the time of recession most of the hotel operators cut down their labour cost but Four Seasons tackled the situation the other way, they responded by cutting the overhead costs but not the labour costs. They aimed for maximizing labours value instead of lowering labour cost.Sharp explained this strategy to his executives,And we also know that what we must do to meet that goal, is to lower costs and raise service and product quality. But cutting costs and raise service and product quality. But cutting costs by cutting labour, if carried too far, lowers quality. The only way these see mingly conflicting aims can be reconciled is by responsible employees committed to working smarter. Instead of minimizing labours cost we should maximize labours value by convincing our employees that our purpose merits commitment.Four seasons offered Flexible Contracts to the employees rather than job cut, in which employees will be called on duty as per the demand of the business which replaced working four eld a week instead of five days a week. It was in the agreement of the employees and all the employees were in favour of the decision furthermore the salaries and the bonuses of the managers was also affected. This all resulted in sharing a common policy in heading towards companys goals.Improving the productsMost of the hotel operators paused the construction or running of a hotel for a temporary period but the property business is real high during the time of recession because the properties are sold out on lower rates thus Four Seasons tackled the situation by renovation a nd restitution to improve the products. Isadore Sharp believed that providing quality service to the guest are a necessity and not a service by itself. And if the hotel wants to sustain in the market the new trends in the hotel industries should be followed to keep up with the market. Thus to accommodate these changes and provide customers with quality service. During recession the room occupancy is the lowest thus the release caused to the guests are very less and thus the guests get a royal out of the world service. They followed this strategy during recession period which gave them a steady growth over the decade.Advertising costsMost of the competitors of Four Seasons hotel kept cutting their advertising and marketing costs, but Four Seasons didnt cut their advertising and marketing compute to maintain the brand recognition as they had a very good recognition in the Hospitality industry. It is easy to maintain the momentum rather than summarize it. This strategy helped them to gain a competitive edge over their competitors in maintaining their brand recognition.Property marketDuring recession the supply in the market for the rural area was than the demand on low prices. Four seasons took the advantage of low prices of the land and they picked the premium pickles which would have been difficult to buy them in normal times. Thus this strategy paid off to Four Seasons during the time of recession and they came with the finest of the hotels in top locations after recession.How four seasons managed various stakeholder expectations?Stakeholder Person, group, or organization that has direct or substantiating stake in organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives, and policies. (www. businessdictionary.com)There are three most important aspects of managing stakeholder expectations agnize your stakeholdersKnow what exactly they except from youMake them accountable for realities of project by making them aware of r isks and consequences.(According to Dr. James Brown, president of the project management company Seba Solutions). opposite stake holders of Four Seasons hotel areStakeholders play a vital role for a company to survive thus the company or organisation needs to implement a strategy for managing their stakeholder expectations.Thus Four seasons implemented following strategy for managing their stakeholder expectationsSTAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENTManaging the stakeholders expectation is a step by step processAfter identification of stakeholders, the second step is to identify their needs.Needs and expectations of the stakeholders of Four seasons can be described as followsOwners Returns on investment by profitManagement Management fees on the basis of gross revenue.Employees authorisation, Career opportunities and job security.Customers High quality service and luxury.Society Corporate social responsibility.Their strategy to manage stakeholder expectations can be summarised with relation to va lue chain analysis as wellvalue_chain_analysisValue chain analysis is a concept to create competitive advantage and sustaining superior performance.Owner Expectation of the owners are really high on returns in terms of profit because they are the one who made the peachy investment in the projects.The different aspects of value chain used by four season hotels are like Infrastructure of the hotel, the most innovative idea of the initial strategy was to come up with medium sized hotels, and it worked really well. It was made possible and successful by Isadore Sharp who was the degree holder in architecture and he knew the latest designs of buildings and hotels like building rooms facing inwards to avoid view of neighbourhood made significant contribution to it. These innovative designs really helped Four Seasons to come up with the highest occupancy among the travellers. Thus they were successful in managing owners expectations by giving returns on their investments in less time.Mana gement To ensure a good gross revenue it is vital to get higher occupancy with good average room rate throughout the year.Sales and trade and technology come into picture from Value chain analysis. The marketing strategy for Four season hotel is to target the luxury segment of the market. 69% of their business comes from business travellers and groups. So almost all of their advertising and marketing programmes were designed to enhance the awareness of luxury service provided by Four seasons hotel. Technology played a vital part in achieving their goal by newly designed website and superior reservation system. They gained an advantage over other hotels by Global reservation system which gave an option to the guests to be comfortable with their own local language in North America, Asia and European Network.Example There are so many hotels in Hyde Park area but over 30 years Four Seasons has gained and enjoyed the highest occupancy in the area with their strategy.Employees Employees expect Mutual respect and Empowerment from Four season hotel.Employees are the most important stakeholders of the organisation, if they are happy to work for the organisation the whole business cycle can run smoothly, If Employees are happy then the customers are happy with their service it leads to word of mouth publicity and the organisation gets a repeat business.Employees deserve a mutual respect from the management. Human Resource Management from value chain ensures that employees should get what they deserve and expect. And most importantly the Golden Rule of Four Seasons is treat others as you would like to be treated also they believe that if employees are happy then only they can make customers happy.Four Seasons has maintained empowering their employees, and the best outcome and results can be obtained from their employees by empowering them.Im sure weve all read reports on the productivity gains achieved by empowering employees. And we all know the workplace has to change to attain this. And in a survey of 264 big company chairman, 62 percent agreed that one of the most important business issues facing them was building and keeping a pendent workforce.-Isadore Sharpd.) CustomersThe expectation of the customers is very high as Four Seasons targets luxury segment of market. Service factor from Value Chain is wisely utilized by Four Seasons to manage expectations of luxury for the customers.They redefined luxury as service. Four Seasons gained a competitive edge by provided high standard of service with personalised touch. Customers got what they evaluate from Four Seasons. And they are very successful in making customers happy.E.) SocietyAs Society expects some corporate social responsibility(CRS) from all the hotels and organisation, their expectation for four seasons towards society is really high as well. CSR includes encouraging activities for development of society and avoiding practices which causes harm to the environment.Four Seasons explain how they help and take initiative towards community by various training and mentoring programmes for young people and helping whoever in need in their website www.fourseasons.com .Example They donate organic food to local farmers to feed their animals (Costa Rica) and also providing shelter camps to Urban Elephants(Golden Triangle, Thailand), Raising significant funds for cancer research and awareness programmes.RecommendationFour Seasons has a strong portfolio in the Hotel Industry but to sustain they should focus on few things which are as followsFour Seasons should concentrate on building more brands and focus on all the categories like upper-scale, middle and budget hotels. Unlike Accor group of hotel they have segmented their hotels and created a brand focusing the needs of its customers such as Etap, Ibis, Novotel, Sofitel etc.To compete with other leading brands Four Seasons should come up with more hotels all over the world for more brand recognition and for customers to ha ve a taste of their service. furthermore Four Seasons should continue the effective management of the hotel the way they are doing it to sustain in the market.CONCLUSIONWith the base of the case study and research on Four seasons hotel, Canadian based business has an excellent brand recognition all over the world. The company is moving ahead with excellence along with strong financial and operational management. Different innovative ideas of Four Seasons hotel helped them grow in this hospitality business over the years furthermore during the time of recession Four Seasons hotel did really well, thus it says Fours Seasons Hotel has turned economic down turn to a competitive advantage over their competitors by coming up with different properties with prime location after recession (they responded very well to economic downturn). They took the down turn as an opportunity to expand and thus they are achieving excellence in their business.